Uticaj fizičke aktivnosti na kognitivne funkcije kod starije populacije
Sažetak
Poznato je da se tokom procesa starenja povećava verovatnoća nastanka poremećaja u kognitivnim psihičkim funkcijama poput mišljenja i pamćenja. Demencije su osnovi starosno-zavisni moždani organski psihosindromi koji danas predstavljaju ozbiljan javnozdravstveni problem. Neki autori smatraju da redovno vežbanje tokom života ima značajnu ulogu u prevenciji demencija u starosti, kao i opštem poboljšanju kognitivninh sposobnosti. Fizička aktivnost je potencijalni modulator noradrenalinske, serotoninske i dopaminske transmisije, kako u moždanom korteksu, tako i u subkortikalnim strukturama. Moguće je da na ovaj način, redovna fizička aktivnost posredno utiče na očuvanje i normalno funkcionisanje moždanog holinergičkog sistema koji je vitalan za normalno mišljenje, učenje i pamćenje. Takođe, aerobna mišićna aktivnost i vežbanje potencijalno mogu da povoljno utiču i na ostale psihičke funkcije poput pažnje, opažanja, i emocija, odnosno raspoloženja. Pojedini lekari u primarnoj i sekundarnoj zdavstvenoj zaštiti često preporučuju vežbanje i bavljenje sportom ne samo u svrhu prevencije demencija, nego i kao pomoćno terapijsko sredstvo kod većine organskih i neorganskih mentalnih poremećaja. Međutim, i pored brojnih istraživanja, pojedini aspekti uticaja fizičke aktivnosti na kognitivne funkcije su još uvek nepoznati. Molekularni i celularni procesi koji se dešavaju u limbičkom sistemu tokom vežbanja su nedovoljno izučeni. Takođe, nejasno je da li i u kom obimu dolazi do morfoloških promena u sinapsama i neuronskoj organizaciji tokom fizičke aktovnosti, kao ni da li ove promene mogu da spreče nastanak demencija.
Cilj rada je da prikažemo uticaj fizičke aktivnosti i vežbanja na kognitivne funkcije tokom procesa starenja, kao i potencijalni značaj vežbanja u prevenciji kognitivnih deficita u starosti.
Rad je napisan kao pregledni rad. Baza podataka u kojoj je vršeno pretraživanje je Medline, PubMed, Cobson.
Pregled litetrature je ukazao na različita stanovišta autora, kao i na njihovo slaganje u oblasti u ovoj oblasti, kao i pozitivne efekte redovnog vežbanja starijih osoba na njihovo zdravlje, uključujući smanjenu smrtnost, smanjenu opasnost od padova i poboljšan kvalitet života.
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