JAVNO RAZMATRANJE U FUNKCIJI PREVAZILAŽENJA DEMOKRATSKOG DEFICITA, JAVNA RASPRAVA I RAZGRANIČENJE OD JAVNOG SLUŠANJA
Sažetak
Apstrakt: U radu se, najpre, analiziraju oblici neposredne demokratije od istorijskih, u antičkoj Atini, do savremenih oblika u Švajcarskoj i SAD. Ukazujući na slabosti savremene predstavničke demokratije koja dominira današnjicom, autor istražuje oblike participacije građana – od učešća do uticaja, koji pomažu u prevazilaženju demokratskog deficita u praksi. Pored tradicionalnih, analiziraju se i inovativni mehanizmi (od neformalnih do formalnih, od individualnih do kolektivnih) koji omogućavaju ne samo da se građani izjašnjavaju biranjem opcije za ili protiv, već da se aktivno uključe i iznose sopstvena mišljenja, stavove, iskustva i argumente – da učestvuju u javnom razmatranju. Ukazuje na pozitivne efekte i prednosti neposrednog uključivanja građana u proces donošenja odluka i kreiranja javnih politika kroz doprinos korigovanju, stabilizovanju i konsolidovanju savremene predstavničke demokratije. Nakon razmatranja oblika neposrednog učešća građana u uporednom pravu, autor se fokusira na mehanizme u srpskom društvu i identifikuje one koji se u Srbiji najčešće primenjuju. U nastavku rada se bavi analizom pravnog okvira javne rasprave u Srbiji i okruženju. Postavljajući pitanje razgraničenja javnog slušanja od javne rasprave, autor identifikuje 13 originalnih kriterijuma razgraničenja, koji međusobno razlikuju ova dva instituta. Ukazujući na mogućnosti primene i drugih inovativnih mehanizama građanske participacije, koji su svoju primenu potvrdili u praksi drugih država, autor daje konkretne preporuke (tri moguća pravna puta) za unapređenje javnog razmatranja i zaključuje da bi snagom argumentovanog javnog razmatranja i učešćem većeg broja građana i svih sektora društva, kao i uključivanjem njihovih argumenata u konačne tekstove zakona i propisa, sadašnja vladavina političkih stranaka mogla da dovede do vladavine zdravog razuma, odnosno da se od države partija dođe do države razuma.
Ključne reči: javno razmatranje, predstavnička demokratija, građanska participacija, demokratski deficit, javna rasprava, javno slušanje, građani.
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