REBALANCING HUMAN RIGHTS AT THE TIME OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Sažetak
The year of 2020 will certainly be in all future books on the history of epidemiology and the Covid-19 pandemic will be discussed in them as perhaps the most significant public health challenge since the Spanish flu. But I also hope that it will feature as a new chapter in the books on health and human rights. The suffering of millions of people around the world, the deaths and medical challenges have already presented many lessons to learn from.
One of the lessons should be to recognize the right to health as a full-fledged human and constitutional right that deserves a much closer attention whenever annual budgets are drafted and it should be considered as a fundamental human right without which no other rights can be exercised in epidemiological crises and even after that.
Reference
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ada Lovelace Institute (2020) International Monitor: Public Health Identity Systems, September 22, 2020. London: Nuffield Foundation, (www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/our-work/identities-liberties/international-public-health-identity-systems-monitor/, November 10, 2020).
Ballesteros Sanz, M.Á. et al., and Working Groups from SEMICYUC, 2020, Recommendations of the Working Groups from the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) for the Management of Adult Critically Ill Patients in the Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19), Medicina Intensiva, vol. 44, no. 6.
Baumol, W. J., 2013, The Cost Disease: Why Computers Get Cheaper and Health Care Doesn’t. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Beigel, J. H. et al., 2020 Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 – Final Report. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 383.
Blažina Tomic, Z., Blažina, V., 2015, Expelling the Plague: The Health Office and the Implementation of Quarantine in Dubrovnik, 1377–1533, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Boffey, Daniel et al., 2020, Revealed: Italy’s Call for Urgent Help Was Ignored When Coronavirus Swept Through Europe. The Guardian, July 15, (www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/15/revealed-the-inside-story-of-europes-divided-coronavirus-response, 10. 11. 2020.
Bueno, J., Moving towards Global Solidarity for Global Health through Multilateral Governance in the Covid-19 Response in: Ferstman, C., Fagan, A. (eds.), 2020, Covid-19, Law, and Human Rights: Essex Dialogues, July 1, Colchester, University of Essex.
Burki, T. K., 2020, The Russian Vaccine for COVID-19, The Lancet, Vol. 8, No. 11.
Camus, A. ,1975(1948), The Plague, New York, Vintage International.
Cate, F. H., 1997, Privacy in the Information Age, Washington, Brookings Institution Press.
Cusato, E. et al. Some Conceptual Framings, in: Ferstman, C., Fagan, A. (eds.), 2020, Covid-19, Law, and Human Rights: Essex Dialogues, Colchester, University of Essex.
Dickenson, D., 2016, Me Medicine vs. We Medicine: Reclaiming Biotechnology for the Common Good, New York, Columbia University Press.
Flynn, T. et al., Global, Regional and Comparative Perspectives, in: Ferstman, C., Fagan, A. (eds.), 2020, Covid-19, Law and Human Rights: Essex Dialogues, Colchester, University of Essex.
Giordano, P., 2020, How Contagion Works, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Government of the United Kingdom, New National Restrictions from 5 November, October 31, 2020, (www.gov.uk/guidance/new-national-restrictions-from-5-november, 10. 11. 2020).
Holmes, S. Cass, R. S., 1999, The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes, New York, W.W. Norton & Company.
Lemke, T., 2011, Biopolitics: An Advanced Introduction, New York, New York University Press.
Lévy, B.-H., 2020, The Virus in the Age of Madness, New Haven, Yale University Press.
Mackenzie, D., 2020, Covid-19. The Pandemic that Never Should Have Happened, and How to Stop the Next One, London, The Bridge Street Press.
Magyar Orvosi Kamara (Hungarian Medical Chamber) (2020) Etikai megfontolások az orvosi erőforrások elosztásához (Ethical Considerations Relaiting to Resource Allocation in Health Care). Available in Hungarian at mok.hu/public/media/source/KORONAVÍRUS/MOK_Etikai megfontolások_Covid19_final.pdf, (10. 11. 2020).
Morley, J. et al., 2020, Ethical Guidelines for Covid-19 Tracing Apps: Protect Privacy, Equality and Fairness in Digital Contact Tracing with These Key Questions, Nature, Vol. 582, No. 7810, (www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01578-0).
Nicoli, F., Gasparetto, A., 2020, Italy in a Time of Emergency and Scarce Resources: The Need for Embedding Ethical Reflection in Social and Clinical Settings, Journal of Clinical Ethics, Vol. 31, No. 1.
Nuffield Council, 2020, Ten Questions on the Next Phase of the UK’s Covid-19 Response, October, London, The Nuffield Council on Bioethics, at (www.nuffieldbioethics.org/assets/pdfs/Ethical-considerations-in-the-next-phase-of-the-COVID-19-response.pdf, November 10, 2020).
Paget, J. et al., 2019, Global Mortality Associated with Seasonal Influenza Epidemics: New Burden Estimates and Predictors from the GLaMOR Project, Journal of Global Health, Vol. 9, No. 2..
Parmar, A., 2019, Ethics of Emergency Preparedness: Issues in Planning for Patient Care During Disasters, Harvard Medical School Bioethics Journal, Summer 2019, (bioethicsjournal.hms.harvard.edu/summer-2019/ethics-emergency-preparedness, 10. 11. 2020).
Plotkin, S. A., Caplan, A., 2020, Extraordinary Diseases Require Extraordinary Solutions, Vaccine, Vol. 38, No. 24.
Sándor, J., 2020, Bioethics for the Pandemic. Project Syndicate, May 28, (www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/bioethics-principles-for-covid19-response-by-judit-sandor-2020-05).
Sándor, J., 2020, Health and Legal Policy in Hungary at the time of COVID-19 Pandemic, Medicine and Law, Vol. 39, No. 2.
Selgelid, M. J. et al., (eds.), 2011, Infectious Disease Ethics: Limiting Liberty in Contexts of Contagion, Heidelberg, Springer.
Vergano, M. et al., 2020, Clinical Ethics Recommendations for the Allocation of Intensive Care Treatments, in Exceptional, Resource-Limited Circumstances, Version No.1 (Rome: SIAARTI, March 16, 2020), (www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19 - documenti SIAARTI/SIAARTI - Covid-19 - Clinical Ethics Reccomendations.pdf.
Yen, W-T., 2020, Taiwan’s COVID-19 Management: Developmental State, Digital Governance, and State-Society Synergy, Asian Politics and Policy, Vol. 12, No. 3.
CASE LAW
Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905).
Jew Ho v. Williamson, 103 F. 10, 1900 U.S. App. LEXIS 3847.
Wong Wai v. Williamson, 103 F. 1 (C.C.N.D. Cal. 1900).
INTERNET SOURCES
24.hu, 2020, Hazaengedték az első remdesivirrel kezelt koronavírusos beteget a Semmelweis klinikájáról (The First Patient Treated with Remdesivir Was Released from the Clinic of Semmelweis University), 24.hu, October 26,(24.hu/kozelet/2020/10/26/koronavirus-remdesivir-semmelweis).
BBC, 2020, Coronavirus: France Extends Overnight Curfew as Cases Surge, BBC News, October 22, (www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54646533, 10. 11. 2020).
Boffey, D. et al. 2020, Revealed: Italy’s Call for Urgent Help Was Ignored When Coronavirus Swept Through Europe. The Guardian, July 15, (www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/15/revealed-the-inside-story-of-europes-divided-coronavirus-response, 10. 11. 2020).
Euronews, 2020, Belgium Becomes Latest European Country to Announce Strict Lockdown amid Soaring Coronavirus Cases. Euronews, October 30, (www.euronews.com/2020/10/30/belgium-becomes-latest-european-country-to-announce-strict-lockdown-amid-soaring-coronavir, 10. 11. 2020).
Geddie, J., Aravindan, A., 2020, Singapore Plans Wearable Virus-Tracking Device for All, Reuters, June 5, (www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-singapore-tech/singapore-plans-wearable-virus-tracing-device-for-all-idUSKBN23C0FO, 10. 11. 2020).
Helm, T., Graham-Harrison, E., McKie, R., 2020, How Did Britain Get Its Coronavirus Response So Wrong? The Guardian, April 19, (www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/18/how-did-britain-get-its-response-to-coronavirus-so-wrong, 10. 11. 2020).
Horowitz, J., 2020, Italy Announces Restrictions over Entire Country in Attempt to Halt Coronavirus, The New York Times, March 9,(www.nytimes.com/2020/03/09/world/europe/italy-lockdown-coronavirus.html, 10. 11. 2020).
Kunzmann, K., 2020, How Did New Zealand Control COVID-19? ContagionLive, August 9, (www.contagionlive.com/view/how-did-new-zealand-control-covid19, 10. 11. 2020).
Löblová, O., 2020, Coronavirus: What Went Wrong in the Czech Republic? The Conversation, November 9, (theconversation.com/coronavirus-what-went-wrong-in-the-czech-republic-149505, 10. 11. 2020).
Tamma, P., 2020, Spain Adopts Curfew, State of Emergency to Curb Coronavirus, Politico, October 25, (www.politico.eu/article/spain-adopts-curfew-state-of-emergency-to-curb-coronavirus/, 10. 11. 2020).
Wu, K. J., Kolata, G., 2020, Remdesivir Fails to Prevent Covid Deaths in Huge Trial, The New York Times, October 15, (www.nytimes.com/2020/10/15/health/coronavirus-remdesivir-who.html, 10. 11. 2020).