“BUSINESS AS UNUSUAL”:PANDEMIC CONCENTRATION OF EXECUTIVE POWERS IN CROATIA

  • Đorđe Gardašević Pravni fakultet Sveučilišza u Zagrebu
Ključne reči: Covid-19, pandemic, epidemic, states of emergency, Croatia

Sažetak


Faced with the Covid-19 pandemic, countries around the globe responded with a wide range of special measures. Whereas some of them resorted to their constitutional emergency rules, others opted to act through legislation. The author argues that the effects of the legislative approach to the epidemic in Croatia actually resemble the state of an emergency in the proper sense of the word, although the authorities try to present the whole case as a situation of “legal normalcy”. More precisely, the author claims that in practice the adopted model produces concentration of power in the executive branch far beyond what one could expect in ordinary times. To prove that, the author analyses the Croatian legal anti-epidemic framework through several elements (declaration of emergency, law-making powers, overview of executive emergency actions, parliamentary sittings). Finally, the author argues that the constitutional state of natural disaster in Croatia should have been proclaimed.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ackerman, B., 2006, Before the Next Attack – Preserving Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism, New Haven, London,Yale University Press. ()

Ackerman, B., 2004, The Emergency Constitution, Yale Law Journal, 113.

Agamben, G., 2005, State of Exception, Chicago, London, The University of Chicago Press.

Camus, G., 1965, L’État de nécessité en démocratie, Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence.

Ferejohn, J., Pasquino, P., 2004, The Law of the Exception: A Typology of Emergency Powers, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 2, No.2.

Friedrich, C. J., 1968, Constitutional Government and Democracy – Theory and Practice in Europe and America, Fourth Edition, Waltham, Massachusetts, Toronto, London, Blaisdell Publishing Company (A Division of Ginn and Company).

Gardasevic, Dj., Activism of the Croatian Constitutional Court and COVID-19: A Bridge Too Far, in: Martin Belov (ed.), Courts and Judicial Activism Under Crisis Conditions – Policy Making in a Time of Illiberalism and Emergency Constitutionalism, Routledge (forthcoming on September 23rd 2021).

Gardašević, Đ., Izvanredna stanja, “velike prirodne nepogode” i promjene Ustava Republike Hrvatske, in: Ustavne promjene i političke nagodbe – Republika Hrvatska između ustavne demokracije i populizma, Bačić, A. (ed.), 2021, Zagreb, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti – Znanstveno vijeće za državnu upravu, pravosuđe i vladavinu prava, .

Gardašević, Đ., Pandemija kao “stanje velike prirodne nepogode” i Ustav Republike Hrvatske, in: Barbić, J. (ed.), 2021, Primjena prava za vrijeme pandemije COVID-19, Zagreb, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti – Znanstveno vijeće za državnu upravu, pravosuđe i vladavinu prava.

Greene, A., States should declare a State of Emergency using Article 15 ECHR to confront the Coronavirus Pandemic, (https://strasbourgobservers.com/2020/04/01/states-should-declare-a-state-of-emergency-using-article-15-echr-to-confront-the-coronavirus-pandemic/, 13. 4. 2021).

Grogan, J., Power and the COVID-19 Pandemic – Introduction & List of Country Reports, VerfBlog, 2021/2/22, (https://verfassungsblog.de/power-and-the-covid-19-pandemic/, DOI: 10.17176/20210222-154018-0).

Grogan, J., Introduction & List of Country Reports, VerfBlog, 2020/4/06, (https://verfassungsblog.de/introduction-list-of-country-reports/, DOI: 10.17176/20200417-182630-0).

Gross, E., 2008, How to Justify an Emergency Regime and Preserve Civil Liberties in Times of Terrorism, South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business, Vol. 5, Issue 1.

Gross, O., Ní Aoláin, F., 2006, Law in Times of Crisis – Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice, New York, Cambridge University Press.

Hamilton, A., 1787, The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union, Federalist, No. 23, December 18.

Hamilton, A., 1788, The Executive Department Further Considered, Federalist, No. 70, March 18.

Locke, J., 1824, The Works of John Locke in Nine Volumes, 12th ed., Vol. 4, London, Rivington.

Madison, J., 1788, , The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained, Federalist, No. 40, January 18.

Omejec, J., 2020, Primjena Europske konvencije o ljudskim pravima u doba koronavirusa, Informator – tjednik za pravna i ekonomska pitanja, 68 (), No. 6622.

Özbudun, E.,Turhan, M., 1995, Emergency Powers, European Commission for Democracy Through Law, Council of Europe Publishing.

Posner, E. A., Vermeule, A., 2007, Terror in the Balance – Security, Liberty and the Courts, New York, Oxford University Press. .

Posner, R. A. 2006, Not a Suicide Pact – the Constitution in a Time of National Emergency, New York,Oxford University Press.()

Rosenfeld, M., A Pluralist Theory of Political Rights in Times of Stress, in: Sadurski, W., 2006, Political Rights under Stress in 21st Century Europe, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press.

Rosenfeld, M., 2006, Judicial Balancing in Times of Stress: Comparing the American, British, and Israeli Approaches to the War on Terror, Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 27:5.

Rossiter, C. L., 1948, Constitutional Dictatorship – Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Rousseau, J. J., 1951, The Social Contract, New York, The Hafner Library of Classics, Hafner Publishing Company.

Scheinin, M., COVID-19 Symposium: To Derogate or Not to Derogate?, http://opiniojuris.org/2020/04/06/covid-19-symposium-to-derogate-or-not-to-derogate/, 13. 4. 2021).

Scheppele, K. L., 2006, Small Emergencies, Georgia Law Review,40.

Scheuerman, W. E., 2006, Emergency Powers and the Rule of Law After 9/11, The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 14, No. 1.

Schmitt, C., 2005, Political Theology, Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Selanec, Nika Bačić: Croatia’s Response to COVID-19: On Legal Form and Constitutional Safeguards in Times of Pandemic, VerfBlog, 2020/5/09, (https://verfassungsblog.de/croatias-response-to-covid-19-on-legal-form-and-constitutional-safeguards-in-times-of-pandemic/, DOI: 10.17176/20200509-133132-0).

Selanec, Nika Bačić: COVID-19 and the Rule of Law in Croatia: Majoritarian or Constitutional Democracy?, VerfBlog, 2021/4/27, (https://verfassungsblog.de/covid-19-and-the-rule-of-law-in-croatia-majoritarian-or-constitutional-democracy/, DOI: 10.17176/20210427-101228-0).

Tushnet, M. (ed.), 2005, The Constitution in Wartime – Beyond Alarmism and Complacency, Duke, London, Duke University Press.

Yoo, J., 2006, The Powers of War and Peace – The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11, Chicago, London, The University of Chicago Press.

CASE LAW (Croatian Constitutional Court)

U-I-1372/2020, September 14th 2020.

U-I-2162/2020, September 14th 2020.

U-II-1312/2020, September 14th 2020.

U-II-2027/2020, September 14th 2020.

U-II-1373/2020, September 14th 2020.

U-II-3170/2020, September 14th 2020.

U-I-1925/2020, September 14th 2020.

U-II-2379/2020, September 14th 2020.

U-I-4208/2020, October 20th 2020.

U-I-5918/2020, U-I-5919, February 3rd 2021.

U-II-5709/2020, U-II-5788/2020, February 23rd 2021.

U-II-6087/2020, U-II-6160/2020, February 23rd 2021.

U-II-364/2021, February 23rd 2021.

INTERNET SOURCES

The speech of the Croatian Prime Minister given at the 220th session of the Government, held on March 26th 2020. Available (in Croatian) (https://vlada.gov.hr/vijesti/ovo-je-kriza-bez-presedana-nastavljamo-s-primjerenim-mjerama-da-zaustavimo-pandemiju/29087, 15. 4. 2021).

Statement given by the Croatian Prime Minister during the session of the Parliament held on November 3rd 2020. Available (in Croatian) (https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/hrvatska/plenkovic-zivimo-u-godini-bez-presedana-sve-se-mijenja-iz-korijena/, 15. 4. 2021).

https://www.telegram.hr/politika-kriminal/milanovic-se-danas-prvi-put-ozbiljno-suprotstavio-vladinoj-odluci-zapelo-je-na-ljudskim-slobodama/ (16. 4. 2021).

Statement given by the Croatian Prime Minister during the session of the Parliament held on April 14th 2021. Available (in Croatian) (https://lider.media/poslovna-scena/hrvatska/plenkovic-u-saboru-brani-nacionalni-plan-oporavka-i-otpornosti-136245, 15. 4. 2021).

The Bill on the Amendments to the Infectious Diseases Protection Law, submitted to the Croatian Parliament on April 9th 2020. Available (in Croatian) (https://sabor.hr/sites/default/files/uploads/sabor/2020-04-09/183402/PZ_921.pdf, 15. 4. 2021).

The Bill on the Amendments to the Law on the Civil Protection System, submitted to the Croatian Parliament on March 17th 2020. Available (in Croatian) (https://www.sabor.hr/sites/default/files/uploads/sabor/2020-03-17/183002/PZ_860.pdf, 15.4. 2021).

Report on the Effects of Measures Implemented on the Basis of the Infectious Diseases Protection Law During the COVID-19 Epidemic for the Period Between 11th March 2020 and 15th January 2021.

COVID-19 measures of the National Civil Protection Headquarters (in Croatian) (https://civilna-zastita.gov.hr/odluke-stozera-civilne-zastite-rh-za-sprecavanje-sirenja-zaraze-koronavirusom/2304, April 16th 2021).

UN News: COVID-19 pandemic, an ‘unprecedented wake-up call’ for all inhabitants of Mother Earth, (https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062322, April 15th 2020).

Objavljeno
2021/07/16
Broj časopisa
Rubrika
Originalni naučni članak