PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES TO WORK: KAZAKHSTAN’S EXPERIENCE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EU LAW

  • Asset Adibayev PhD student of KazNU Al-Farabi
  • Mart Susi
Ključne reči: right to work of the persons with disabilities, inclusive education, law as practice, declarative nature of human rights law, international conventions, local legislation

Sažetak


In spite of the ratification of Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, by the majority of States, this human category still faces various challenges. The gap between the declarative nature of the equal rights of the persons with disabilities and the practical implementation of the concept of equality is especially evident in the field of access to employment. Although the majority of countries, including Kazakhstan, have transposed the ideas of equal treatment of the persons with disabilities into national legislation, the situation remains unsatisfactory, and one can ask: why? This is especially relevant in labor area and connected to the insufficient governmental supervision of how legal principles are enforced by private actors in the workplace. Specific national effective enforcement mechanisms and remedies are needed, hand-in-hand with international supervision, to minimize the discrepancy between what the countries have committed to and how they comply with the obligations to safeguard the rights of the persons with disabilities. Kazakhstan needs to complement its commitment to these rights with a national action plan.

Reference

BIBLIOGAPHY

 

1.     Alayev, V., 2016, Peculiarities of Attracting PWDs to Work in the Republic of Kazakhstan, (case study Almaty and Almaty region).

2.     Alexy, R., 2006, Discourse Theory and Fundamental Rights, in: Menéndez, A., Eriksen, E. (eds.), 2006, Arguing Fundamental Rights, Berlin, Springer, pp. 15–29.

3.     Alston, P., 1984, Conjuring up New Human Rights: A Proposal for Quality Control, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 607–621.

4.     Anderson, T., 1975, An Alternative Frame of Reference for Rehabilitation: The Helping Process Versus the Medical Model, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 101–104.  

5.     Arnaud, A. von, Decken, K. von der, Susi, M., 2020, Cambridge Handbook on New Human Rights of the 21st Century: Recognition, Novelty, Rhetoric, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–49.

6.     Bugubaeva, R., Turlubekova, M., 2021, Comparative Analysis of the Process of Organizing Inclusive Education in Foreign Countries and Its Application in Conditions of Kazakhstan, Journal of Karaganda Economic University of Kazpotrebsoyuz, Vol. 5, pp. xxx–xxx

7.     Donnelly, J., 1989, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.

8.     Dworkin, R., 1982, Law as Interpretation, The Politics of Interpretation, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 179–200.

9.     Hendriks, A., 1995, Disabled Persons and Their Right to Treatment: Allowing Differentiation while Ending Discrimination, Health and Human Rights, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 152–173.

10.  Goering, S., 2015, Rethinking Disability: The Social Model of Disability and Chronic Disease, Current Review of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 134–138.

11.  Korosteleva, N., 2012, Social Model of Disability as a Basis Formation of a Tolerant Attitude Towards the Disabled, Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University, No. 8, pp. 81–94.

12.  Krasnova, G., Mozhaeva, G., Polushkina, E., 2017, Development of Continuous Professional Education Abroad, Tomsk, Publishing House of Tomsk State University.

13.  Nogaibaeva, G., Zhumazhanova, S., Korotkikh, E., 2017, Framework for Monitoring Inclusive Education in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, IAC.

14.  O’Reilly, A., 2003, The Right to Decent Work of Persons with Disabilities, ILO. 

15.  Sano, H. O., 2013, Human Rights and Development: Human Rights Principles and Their Indicators, Nordic Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 381–401.

16.  Sansyzbaeva, G., Ashirbekova, L., 2015, Foreign Experience of Employment and Social Protection of Disabled People, Vestnik KazNU, Vol. 3. 

17.  Susi, M., Novelty in New Human Rights: The Decrease in Universality and Abstractness Thesis, in: Arnaud, A. von, Decken, K. von der, Susi, M. (eds.), 2020, The Cambridge Handbook of New Human Rights. Recognition, Novelty, Rhetoric, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–33.

 

LEGISLATIVE SOURCES

 

1.     Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2012/C 326/02.

2.     Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on “Public Health and Healthcare System of the Republic of Kazakhstan”, dated 7 July 2020, (https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K2000000360, 12 April 2023).

3.     Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan,  (https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1017178, 12 April 2023).

4.     Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 Nov. 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, OJL 303, 2 December 2000, pp. 16–22.

5.     Law No. 2005-102 of February 11, 2005 on Equal Rights and Opportunities, Participation and Citizenship of Persons with Disabilities, (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/LEGIARTI000006682228/2005-02-12/#LEGIARTI000006682228).>

6.     Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons, 1971.

7.     Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 1975.

8.     Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 320 “On approval of sizes, sources, types and Rules for provision of social assistance to citizens who receive social assistance”, dated 12 March 2012, (https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/P1200000320, 12 April 2023). 

9.     Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 10370 “On approval of workplace standards for a person with a disability”, dated 22 January 2015.

10.  Employment Policies for Persons with Disabilities, Social & Inclusion Division 2017, pp. 6–10; 13–23.

11.  ILO Convention 159 – Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159).

12.  Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 414-V, dated 23 November 2015. 

13.  Administrative Offences Code of Kazakhstan No. 155, dated 30 January 2001.

14.  Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 39, “On social protection of disabled persons in the Republic of Kazakhstan”, dated 13 April 2005.

15.  Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan  “On approval of workplace standards for a person with a disability ”, dated July 13, 2016.

16.  Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 2444 “On banks and banking activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan”, dated 31 August 1995, (https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=1003931, 12 April 2023).

17.  Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 156 “On transport in the Republic Kazakhstan”, dated 21 September 1994.

18.  On the Introduction of Amendments and Additions to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Issues of Inclusive Education Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan, dated 26 June 2021, No. 56-VII.

19.  Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education, 1994.  

20.  The Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 193-IV “On the health of the people and the health system”, dated 18 September 2009. 

21.  The Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 518-IV “On marriage (matrimony) and family”, dated 26 December 2011. 

22.  The Criminal Executive Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 167, dated July 5, 2014. 

23.  UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, UN doc. A/RES/61/106, 13 December 2006.  

24.  UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN doc. A/RES/44/25, 20 November 1989.  

25.  Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN doc. A/RES/217(III)[A], 10 December 1948.  

 

INTERNET SOURCES

 

1.     Bines, H., Lei, P., 2007, Education’s Missing Millions: Including Disabled Children in Education through EFA FTI Processes and National Sector Plans, Milton Keynes, World Vision UK, (https://assets.worldvision.org.uk/files/4613/8029/8799/Educations-Missing-Millions-Main-Report.pdf"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023). 

2.     Calves, M., 2005, The 2005 Disabilities Policy in France. An Opportunity for the Development of Disabilities Studies, (https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00535890/document"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023).

3.     Chumachenko, A. 2017, Note to the Employer: The Main Responsibilities in the Framework of the Employment of People with Disabilities, (https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=37080789, 12. 04. 2023). 

4.     Council of Europe, 2017, Disability and Disabilism, (https://www.coe.int/ru/web/compass/disability-and-disablism"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023). 

5.     Crocker, M., Hutchinson, C., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C. et al., 2021, Assessing the Relative Importance of Key Quality of Life Dimensions for People with and without a Disability: An Empirical Ranking Comparison Study, Health Qual Life Outcomes, Vol. 19, No. 264, (https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-021-01901-x"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023). 

6.     Devandas-Aguilar, C., 2015, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Human Rights Council twenty-eighth session, (https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2015/06/statement-ms-catalina-devandas-aguilar-special-rapporteur-rights-persons, 12. 04. 2023).  

7.     DisLife, 2009, French Experience of Social Protection of Citizens with Disabilities, (https://dislife.ru/articles/view/2654, 12. 04. 2023). 

8.     Electronic Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, (https://egov.kz, 12. 04. 2023).

9.     Forbes Kazakhstan, 2021, Prices for Goods and Services in Kazakhstan Continue to Rise, (https://forbes.kz/news/2021/11/24/newsid_263986, 12. 04. 2023).

10.  Golnik, O., Volokovaya, T., 2022, Inclusive Education in Kazakhstan: Features and Prospects for Development, (https://www.nur.kz/family/school/1715660-inkluzivnoe-obrazovanie-v-kazahstane-i-za-rubezom/, 12. 04. 2023). 

11.  Griesser, S., 2018, Personal Assistance for Disabled People in Germany and Sweden in the Context of the Independent Living Philosophy and the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, Master Thesis. (https://www.independentliving.org/files/MasterThesis_SelinaGriesser.pdf, 12. 04. 2023). 

12.  Griffo, G., 2021, The New European Strategy on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, (https://eurosocial.eu/en/bitacora/la-nueva-estrategia-europea-sobre-los-derechos-de-las-personas-con-discapacidad/, 12. 04. 2023). 

13.  HR News, 2022, These Countries Have the Highest Disability Rates in Europe, (https://hrnews.co.uk/these-countries-have-the-highest-disability-rates-in-europe/"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023). 

14.  Inclusion Europe, 2015, Financial assistance to people with disabilities compared across the world, (https://www.inclusion-europe.eu/financial-assistance-to-people-with-disabilities-compared-across-the-world/, 12. 04. 2023).  

15.  Inform Buro Kazakhstan, 2022, Inclusive Education in Kazakhstan: In 80% of Schools There Is No One to Teach Special Children, (https://informburo.kz/novosti/inklyuzivnoe-obrazovanie-po-kazaxstanski-v-80-skol-osobennyx-detei-nekomu-ucit, 12. 04. 2023). 

16.  Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2018, Statistics About Life of People with Disabilities in the Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, (http://new.cisstat.org/documents/124986/218150/Contentinval2018.pdf/752e4602-f10f-f01b-2f74-b8d74dd3e0df, 12. 04. 2023). 

17.  Kaltaeva, L., 2019, Needs Assessment on Social Gender Issues People with Disabilities in Kazakhstan with a Focus on the Special Needs of Women with Disabilities Who Have Been Subjected to Violence, (https://kazakhstan.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/desk_review_on_needs_assessment_pwd_rus_1.pdf"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023).   

18.  Kesälahti, E., Väyrynen, S. (eds.), 2013, Learning from Our Neighbours: Inclusive Education in the Making,(https://lauda.ulapland.fi/handle/10024/59480"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023).  

19.  Ledovskih, I., 2021, People with Disabilities Intend to Sue the Country's Largest Banks, DKN World News, (https://dknews.kz/ru/eksklyuziv-dk/201432-lyudi-s-ogranichennymi-vozmozhnostyami-namereny, 12. 04. 2023). 

20.  Malofeev, N., 2018, From Institutionalization to Inclusive Education of Children with Special Educational Needs, Almanac, Vol. 34, No.4, (https://alldef.ru/ru/articles/almanac-34/from-institutionalization-to-inclusive-education-of-children-with-special-educational-needs lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04.2023).  

21.  Mojazarplata.kz, 2011, Every Fifth Private Company Violates the Rights of People with Disabilities in Kazakhstan to Work, (https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30989469"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023). 

22.  OSCE, 2017, People with Disabilities and Ensuring Their Right to Participate in Public and Political Life, (https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/c/6/340251.pdf, 12. 04. 2023). 

23.  Putz, C., 2022, Kazakhstan: After the Pandemic Recovery and New Pressures from the Ukraine War, The Diplomat, (https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/kazakhstan-after-the-pandemic-recovery-new-pressures-from-the-ukraine-war/, 12. 04 2023). 

24.  Russian Disability NGO “Perspektiva”, 2017, General Description of Legislation and Practice in the EU and Candidate Countries, (https://2017.perspektiva-inva.ru//en/protec-rights/law/foreign/71-obshchaya-kharakteristika-zakonodatelstva-i-praktiki-v-stranakh-es-i-v-stranakh-kandidatakh, 12. 04. 2023). 

25.  Spiridonov, V., 2021, “Normal Life”: How People with Disabilities Are Taken Care of in Europe, Ria News, (https://ria.ru/20170607/1495994209.html, 12. 04. 2023). 

26.  Smolina, S., Telegina, N., 2016, Modern Approaches in Describing and Solving the Problems of Disability, (https://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/81626/1/978-5-91416-007-1_2016-241.pdf, 12. 04. 2023). 

27.  Sputnik Kazakhstan, 2021, By How Much Will Benefits Increase in 2022 in Kazakhstan, (https://ru.sputnik.kz/20211127/Na-skolko-vyrastut-posobiya-v-2022-godu-v-Kazakhstane-18766650.html, 12. 04. 2023). 

28.  Stativkina, A., 2020, Employment of the Disabled. Actual Problem of Real People, Zakon Kz, (https://www.zakon.kz/5044116-trudoustroystvo-invalidov-aktualnaya.html, 12. 04. 2023). 

29.  Sverepa, M., 2021, We Fight for Europe Where People with Intellectual Disabilities Enjoy the Same Rights as Everyone Else, Inclusion Europe, (https://www.inclusion-europe.eu/europe-rights-equal-intellectual-disabilities/, 12. 04. 2023). 

30.  Temirgaliyeva, A., 2022, Number of Disabled People Increasing in Kazakhstan, Inform Buro Kazakhstan, (https://www.inform.kz/en/number-of-disabled-people-increasing-in-kazakhstan_a3951479"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; color: black;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023). 

31.  UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2016, (https://www.ohchr.org/en/treaty-bodies/crpd, 12. 04. 2023). 

32.  UN Factsheet on Persons with Disabilities, 2022,  (https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/factsheet-on-persons-with-disabilities/disability-and-employment.html"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">, 12. 04. 2023). 

33.  UN Standard Equal Opportunity Rules for People with Disabilities, 1993, (http://humanrts.umn.edu/instree/Rdisabilitystandards.html, 12. 04. 2023).

34.  US Department of State, 2021, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Kazakhstan, (https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/kazakhstan, 12. 04 2023). 

35.  World Health Organization, 2011, World Report on Disability, (https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WHO-World-Report-on-Disability-Russian.pdf, 12. 04. 2023). 

36.  World Health Organization, 2022, Disability and Health, (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health, 12. 04. 2023). 

37.  Yergebekov, M., Temirbekova, Zh. (eds.), 2021, Kazakhstan and COVID-19: Media, Culture, Politics, (https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/kasachstan/18218.pdf, 12. 04. 2023). 

38.  Zeitzer, I., 1994, Recent European Trends in Disability and Related Programs, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 2, (https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v57n2/v57n2p21.pdf, 12. 04. 2023).

Objavljeno
2023/07/14
Broj časopisa
Rubrika
Pregledni članak