The contribution of dyadic empathy to the perception of marital quality
Keywords:
dyadic empathy, marital quality, cognitive empathy, affective empathy
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dyadic empathy and marital quality in formal and informal marital relationships in Serbia. Sample consisted of 738 participants (56.5% women), with different education, work and economic status. Average age of the sample was 30 years (SD = 9.66), ranging from 19 to 80 years. Participants live with their partners between a year and 52 years (M = 8.29, SD = 9.71). Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples (IRIC; Péloquin & Lafontaine, 2010) was applied in order to assess both cognitive and affective dimension of dyadic empathy, while marital quality was measured by the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1976, 1989). The results of structural modeling indicate a positive contribution of affective empathy to the assessment of spousal agreement regarding issues that are important for everyday functioning, the assessment of general satisfaction with marriage, as well as the assessment of degree of closeness and quality of communication between partners; while cognitive empathy makes a positive contribution to the assessment of sposusal agreement regarding issues that are important for everyday functioning, the assessment of the agreement of the spouses concerning displays of affection, sexual relations, lack of love and denials of sex, as well as the assessment of the degree of closeness and quality of communication between partners.
References
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Busby, D. M., & Gardner, B. C. (2008). How do I analyze thee? Let me count the ways: Considering empathy in couple relationships using self and partner ratings. Family Process, 47(2), 229-242. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2008.00250.x
Chee, T.S. (1988). An analysis of four empathy variables as predictors of marital satisfaction. Western Michigan University: Masters Theses.
Cobb, R. J., Davila, J., & Bradbury, T. N. (2001). Attachment security and marital satisfaction: The role of positive perceptions and social support. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1131-1143. doi: 10.1177/0146167201279006
Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 988-998. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.988
Cramer, D., & Jowett, S. (2010). Perceived empathy, accurate empathy and relationship satisfaction in heterosexual couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(3), 327-349. doi: 10.1177/0265407509348384
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Dubuque, IA: Brown & Benchmark Publishers.
Davis, M., & Oathout, H. A. (1987). Maintenance of satisfaction in romantic relationships: Empathy and relational competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(2), 397-410. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.397
Devoldre, I., Davis, M. H., Verhofstadt, L. L., & Buysse, A. (2010). Empathy and social support provision in couples: Social support and the need to study the underlying processes. The Journal of Psychology, 144(3), 259-284. doi: 10.1080/00223981003648294
Duan, C., & Hill, C. E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 261-274. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261
Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987). Critical issues in the study of empathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 3–13). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 56-83. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540119
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Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 307-316. doi:10.1037/h0027580
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008, September). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (pp. 195-200).
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Hunter, K. R., & Bech, B. (2004). Affective empathy in children: Measurement and correlates. Griffith University.
Hutchinson, S. R., & Olmos, A. (1998). Behavior of descriptive fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis using ordered categorical data. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(4), 344-364. doi: 10.1080/10705519809540111
Ickes, W. (2001). Measuring empathic accuracy. Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement, 1, 219-241.
Impett, E. A., Muise, A., & Rosen, N. O. (2015). Is it good to be giving in the bedroom? A prosocial perspective on sexual health and well-being in romantic relationships. Current Sexual Health Reports, 7(3), 180-190. doi: 10.1007/s11930-015-0055-9
Kimmes, J. G., Edwards, A. B., Wetchler, J. L., & Bercik, J. (2014). Self and other ratings of dyadic empathy as predictors of relationship satisfaction. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 42(5), 426-437. doi: 10.1080/01926187.2014.925374
Kleinplatz, P. J., Ménard, A. D., Paradis, N., Campbell, M., & Dalgleish, T. L. (2013). Beyond sexual stereotypes: Revealing group similarities and differences in optimal sexuality. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45, 250-258. doi: 10.1037/a0031776
Koenig Kellas, J., Willer, E. K., & Trees, A. R. (2013). Communicated perspective-taking during stories of marital Stress: Spouses' Perceptions of one another's perspective-taking behaviors. Southern Communication Journal, 78(4), 326-351. doi: 10.1080/1041794x.2013.815264
Kogan, A., Impett, E. A., Oveis, C., Hui, B., Gordon, A. M., & Keltner, D. (2010). When giving feels good: The intrinsic benefits of sacrifice in romantic relationships for the communally motivated. Psychological Science, 21, 1918-1924. doi: 10.1177/0956797610388815
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Levinger, G., & Breedlove, J. (1966). Interpersonal attraction and agreement: A study of marriage partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(4), 367-372. doi: 10.1037/h0023029
Long, E. C. J. (1990). Measuring dyadic perspective-taking: Two scales for assessing perspective-taking in marriage and similar dyads. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50, 91-103. doi:10.1177/0013164490501008
Long, E. C. J., Angera, J. J., Carter, S. J., Nakamoto, M., & Kalso, M. (1999). Understanding the one you love: A longitudinal assessment of an empathy training program for couples in romantic relationships. Family Relations, 48(3), 235-242. doi:10.2307/585632
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Muise, A., Impett, E. A., & Desmarais, S. (2013). Getting it on versus getting it over with: Sexual motivation, desire, and satisfaction in intimate bonds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(10), 1320-1332. doi: 10.1177/0146167213490963
Murray, S. L., Griffin, D. W., Derrick, J. L., Harris, B., Aloni, M., & Leder, S. (2011). Tempting fate or inviting happiness? Unrealistic idealization prevents the decline of marital satisfaction. Psychological Science, 22(5), 619-626. doi: 10.1177/0956797611403155
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Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy, and rumination: A longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 368-378. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271597
Pauls, R. N., Occhino, J. A., & Dryfhout, V. L. (2008). Effects of pregnancy on female sexual function and body image: A prospective study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5(8), 1915-1922. doi: 0.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00884.x
Péloquin, K., & Lafontaine, M.F. (2010). Measuring empathy in couples: Validity and reliability of the interpersonal reactivity index for couples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 146-157. doi:10.1080/00223890903510399
Rosen, N. O., Mooney, K., & Muise, A. (2017). Dyadic empathy predicts sexual and relationship well-being in couples transitioning to parenthood. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 43(6), 543-559. doi: 10.1080/0092623x.2016.1208698
Rowan, D. G., Compton, W. C., & Rust, J. O. (1995). Self-actualization and empathy as predictors of marital satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 77(3), 1011-1016. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.1011
Sanford, K. (2003). Problem–solving conversations in marriage: Does it matter what topics couples discuss?. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 97-112. doi: 10.1111/1475-6811.00038
Sillars, A. L. (1985). Interpersonal perception in relationships. In Compatible and incompatible relationships (pp. 277-305). New York, NY: Springer
Simić, I. (2013). Perception of family functioning, empathy and family income. Teme: Časopis za Društvene Nauke, 37(2), 719-734.
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Story, L. B., & Bradbury, T. N. (2004). Understanding marriage and stress: Essential questions and challenges. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1139-1162. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.10.002
Strayer, J. (1987). Affective and cognitive perspectives on empathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 218–244). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Toussaint, L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(6), 673-685. doi: 10.3200/socp.145.6.673-686
Ulloa, E. C., Hammett, J. F., Meda, N. A., & Rubalcaba, S. J. (2017). Empathy and romantic relationship quality among cohabitating couples: An actor–partner interdependence model. The Family Journal, 25(3), 208-214. doi: 10.1177/1066480717710644
Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1982). Perspective-taking and altruism. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 143. doi: 0.1037/0033-2909.91.1.143
Wispé, L. (1986). The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 314-321. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.314
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Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). Zero degrees of empathy: A new theory of human cruelty. London, UK: Penguin.
Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 815-824. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.018
Batson, C. D., Fultz, J., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Adults’ emotional reactions to the distress of others. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 163–184). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. London, England: The Hogarth Press.
Bryant, B. K. (1987). Mental health, temperament, family, and friends: Perspectives on children’s empathy and social perspective taking. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 245–270). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Busby, D. M., & Gardner, B. C. (2008). How do I analyze thee? Let me count the ways: Considering empathy in couple relationships using self and partner ratings. Family Process, 47(2), 229-242. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2008.00250.x
Chee, T.S. (1988). An analysis of four empathy variables as predictors of marital satisfaction. Western Michigan University: Masters Theses.
Cobb, R. J., Davila, J., & Bradbury, T. N. (2001). Attachment security and marital satisfaction: The role of positive perceptions and social support. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1131-1143. doi: 10.1177/0146167201279006
Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 988-998. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.988
Cramer, D., & Jowett, S. (2010). Perceived empathy, accurate empathy and relationship satisfaction in heterosexual couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(3), 327-349. doi: 10.1177/0265407509348384
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Dubuque, IA: Brown & Benchmark Publishers.
Davis, M., & Oathout, H. A. (1987). Maintenance of satisfaction in romantic relationships: Empathy and relational competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(2), 397-410. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.397
Devoldre, I., Davis, M. H., Verhofstadt, L. L., & Buysse, A. (2010). Empathy and social support provision in couples: Social support and the need to study the underlying processes. The Journal of Psychology, 144(3), 259-284. doi: 10.1080/00223981003648294
Duan, C., & Hill, C. E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 261-274. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261
Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987). Critical issues in the study of empathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 3–13). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 56-83. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540119
Fincham, F. D., Paleari, F. G., & Regalia, C. (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 27-37. doi: 10.1111/1475-6811.00002
Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. Hanchock & R. Mueller (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling: A second course (pp. 269−314). New York: Information Age Publishing, Inc.
Fowers, B. J., Lyons, E. M., & Montel, K. H. (1996). Positive marital illusions: Self-enhancement or relationship enhancement?. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(2), 192-208. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.10.2.192
Franzoi, S. L., Davis, M. H., & Young, R. D. (1985). The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(6), 1584-1594. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.6.1584
Gaur, P., & Bhardwaj, A. B. (2015). Relationship between empathy, forgiveness and marital adjustment in couple. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(1), 145-151.
Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 307-316. doi:10.1037/h0027580
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008, September). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies (pp. 195-200).
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Hunter, K. R., & Bech, B. (2004). Affective empathy in children: Measurement and correlates. Griffith University.
Hutchinson, S. R., & Olmos, A. (1998). Behavior of descriptive fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis using ordered categorical data. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(4), 344-364. doi: 10.1080/10705519809540111
Ickes, W. (2001). Measuring empathic accuracy. Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement, 1, 219-241.
Impett, E. A., Muise, A., & Rosen, N. O. (2015). Is it good to be giving in the bedroom? A prosocial perspective on sexual health and well-being in romantic relationships. Current Sexual Health Reports, 7(3), 180-190. doi: 10.1007/s11930-015-0055-9
Kimmes, J. G., Edwards, A. B., Wetchler, J. L., & Bercik, J. (2014). Self and other ratings of dyadic empathy as predictors of relationship satisfaction. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 42(5), 426-437. doi: 10.1080/01926187.2014.925374
Kleinplatz, P. J., Ménard, A. D., Paradis, N., Campbell, M., & Dalgleish, T. L. (2013). Beyond sexual stereotypes: Revealing group similarities and differences in optimal sexuality. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45, 250-258. doi: 10.1037/a0031776
Koenig Kellas, J., Willer, E. K., & Trees, A. R. (2013). Communicated perspective-taking during stories of marital Stress: Spouses' Perceptions of one another's perspective-taking behaviors. Southern Communication Journal, 78(4), 326-351. doi: 10.1080/1041794x.2013.815264
Kogan, A., Impett, E. A., Oveis, C., Hui, B., Gordon, A. M., & Keltner, D. (2010). When giving feels good: The intrinsic benefits of sacrifice in romantic relationships for the communally motivated. Psychological Science, 21, 1918-1924. doi: 10.1177/0956797610388815
Larson, J. H., Anderson, S. M., Holman, T. B., & Niemann, B. K. (1998). A longitudinal study of the effects of premarital communication, relationship stability, and self-esteem on sexual satisfaction in the first year of marriage. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 24(3), 193-206. doi: 10.1080/00926239808404933
Laurenceau, J. P., & Kleinman, B. M. (2006). Intimacy in personal relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 637-653). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Levinger, G., & Breedlove, J. (1966). Interpersonal attraction and agreement: A study of marriage partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(4), 367-372. doi: 10.1037/h0023029
Long, E. C. J. (1990). Measuring dyadic perspective-taking: Two scales for assessing perspective-taking in marriage and similar dyads. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50, 91-103. doi:10.1177/0013164490501008
Long, E. C. J., Angera, J. J., Carter, S. J., Nakamoto, M., & Kalso, M. (1999). Understanding the one you love: A longitudinal assessment of an empathy training program for couples in romantic relationships. Family Relations, 48(3), 235-242. doi:10.2307/585632
MacNeil, S., & Byers, E. S. (2009). Role of sexual self-disclosure in the sexual satisfaction of long-term heterosexual couples. Journal of Sex Research, 46(1), 3-14. doi: 10.1080/00224490802398399
McNulty, J. K., & Widman, L. (2013). The implications of sexual narcissism for sexual and marital satisfaction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(6), 1021-1032. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012-0041-5
McNulty, J. K., Wenner, C. A., & Fisher, T. D. (2015). Longitudinal associations among relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and frequency of sex in early marriage. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(1), 85-97. doi: 10.1007/s10508-014-0444-6
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2005). Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment‐related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 149-168. doi: 10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00108.x
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press.
Muise, A., Impett, E. A., & Desmarais, S. (2013). Getting it on versus getting it over with: Sexual motivation, desire, and satisfaction in intimate bonds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(10), 1320-1332. doi: 10.1177/0146167213490963
Murray, S. L., Griffin, D. W., Derrick, J. L., Harris, B., Aloni, M., & Leder, S. (2011). Tempting fate or inviting happiness? Unrealistic idealization prevents the decline of marital satisfaction. Psychological Science, 22(5), 619-626. doi: 10.1177/0956797611403155
O’Brien, T. B., DeLongis, A., Pomaki, G., Puterman, E., & Zwicker, A. (2009). Couples coping with stress: The role of empathic responding. European Psychologist, 14(1), 18-28. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.18
Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy, and rumination: A longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 368-378. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271597
Pauls, R. N., Occhino, J. A., & Dryfhout, V. L. (2008). Effects of pregnancy on female sexual function and body image: A prospective study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5(8), 1915-1922. doi: 0.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00884.x
Péloquin, K., & Lafontaine, M.F. (2010). Measuring empathy in couples: Validity and reliability of the interpersonal reactivity index for couples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 146-157. doi:10.1080/00223890903510399
Rosen, N. O., Mooney, K., & Muise, A. (2017). Dyadic empathy predicts sexual and relationship well-being in couples transitioning to parenthood. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 43(6), 543-559. doi: 10.1080/0092623x.2016.1208698
Rowan, D. G., Compton, W. C., & Rust, J. O. (1995). Self-actualization and empathy as predictors of marital satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 77(3), 1011-1016. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.1011
Sanford, K. (2003). Problem–solving conversations in marriage: Does it matter what topics couples discuss?. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 97-112. doi: 10.1111/1475-6811.00038
Sillars, A. L. (1985). Interpersonal perception in relationships. In Compatible and incompatible relationships (pp. 277-305). New York, NY: Springer
Simić, I. (2013). Perception of family functioning, empathy and family income. Teme: Časopis za Društvene Nauke, 37(2), 719-734.
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Story, L. B., & Bradbury, T. N. (2004). Understanding marriage and stress: Essential questions and challenges. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1139-1162. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.10.002
Strayer, J. (1987). Affective and cognitive perspectives on empathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 218–244). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Toussaint, L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(6), 673-685. doi: 10.3200/socp.145.6.673-686
Ulloa, E. C., Hammett, J. F., Meda, N. A., & Rubalcaba, S. J. (2017). Empathy and romantic relationship quality among cohabitating couples: An actor–partner interdependence model. The Family Journal, 25(3), 208-214. doi: 10.1177/1066480717710644
Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1982). Perspective-taking and altruism. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 143. doi: 0.1037/0033-2909.91.1.143
Wispé, L. (1986). The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 314-321. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.314
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Published
2022/07/03
Section
Scientific Articles
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