Upitnik za ispitivanje mitova o silovanju – pilot istraživanje
Sažetak
Mitovi o silovanju predstavljaju iskrivljena uverenja o silovanju (o uzrocima, kontekstu, posledicama, počiniocima, žrtvama i njihovoj interakciji) koja služe negiranju, trivijalizaciji ili opravdavanju ove forme seksualnog nasilja i doprinose čestom netolerantnom i neprijateljskom odnosu prema silovanim osobama. S obzirom na činjenicu da ovaj fenomen u domaćoj nauci do sada nije dobio zasluženu pažnju, osnovni cilj sprovedenog pilot istraživanja podrazumevao je konstrukciju upitnika za registrovanje prihvatanja mitova o silovanju. U radu je prikazan novokonstruisani Upitnik mitova o silovanju, rezultati ispitivanja njegovog latentnog prostora merenja, kao psihometrijske karakteristike upitnika. Drugi cilj pilot istraživanja podrazumevao je mapiranje rasprostranjenosti mitova o silovanju u Srbiji. Uzorak od 482 ispitanika je prigodnog karaktera. Dobijeni rezultati sugerišu da je Upitnik mitova o silovanju pouzdan merni instrument, sačinjen od visoko reprezentativnih i validnih stavki. Na aktulenom uzorku upitnik se pokazao kao unidimenzionalna mera. U diskusiji je detaljno prikazana raširenost različitih grupa mitova o silovanju na našem podneblju.
Reference
Abeid, M., Muganyizi, P., Massawe, S., Mpembeni, R., Darj, E., & Axemo, P. (2015). Knowledge and attitude towards rape and child sexual abuse: A community-based cross-sectional study in Rural Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 15(1), doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1757-7
Ben-David, S., & Schneider, O. (2005).Rape Perceptions, Gender Role Attitudes, and Victim-Perpetrator Acquaintance.Sex Roles, 53(5-6), 385-399. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-6761-4
Bohner, G., Siebler, F., & Schmelcher, J. (2006). Social Norms and the Likelihood of Raping: Perceived Rape Myth Acceptance of Others Affects Men's Rape Proclivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(3), 286-297. doi:10.1177/0146167205280912
Burt, M.R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217-230. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.2.217
Carroll, M.H., Rosenstein, J.E., Foubert, J.D., Clark, M.D., & Korenman, L.M. (2016). Rape Myth Acceptance: A Comparison of Military Service Academy and Civilian Fraternity and Sorority Students. Military Psychology, 28(5), 306-317. doi:10.1037/mil0000113
Cassel, A. (2012). Are You the Problem, or the Solution? Changing Male Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Sexual Assault.Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 17(2), 50-58. doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn17.2.50
Chapleau, K.M., & Oswald, D.L. (2010). Power, Sex, and Rape Myth Acceptance: Testing Two Models of Rape Proclivity. Journal of Sex Research, 47(1), 66-78. doi:10.1080/00224490902954323
De, Z.A.W.E.A., Horselenberg, R., & Koppen, P.J.v. (2017). The Prevalence of False Allegations of Rape in the United States from 2006-2010. Journal of Forensic Psychology, 02(02), doi:10.4172/2475-319x.1000119
Duden, Online Wörterbuch. Preuzeto sa https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/Mythos.
Egan, R., & Wilson, J.C. (2012).Rape Victims' Attitudes to Rape Myth Acceptance.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19(3), 345-357. doi:10.1080/13218719.2011.585128
Elklit, A. (2002). Attitudes toward Rape Victims - an Empirical Study of the Attitudes of Danish Website Visitors.Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 3(1), 73-83. doi:10.1080/140438502762467218
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2013). . Preuzeto sa https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/violent-crime/rape.
Ferrão, M.C., & Gonçalves, G. (2015). Rape Crimes Reviewed: The Role of Observer Variables in Female Victim Blaming. Psychological Thought, 8(1), 47-67. doi:10.5964/psyct.v8i1.131
Fricke, H. (2000). Reallexikon der deutschen.
Literaturwissenschaft. Berlin - New York: Walter de Gruyter. Bd. II..
Gavey, N. (1991). Sexual victimization prevalence among New Zealand university students.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 464-466. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.3.464
Gerber, G.L., & Cherneski, L. (2006). Sexual Aggression toward Women: Reducing the Prevalence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087(1), 35-46. doi:10.1196/annals.1385.007
Gerger, H., Kley, H., Bohner, G., & Siebler, F. (2007). The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: development and validation in German and English. Aggressive Behavior, 33(5), 422-440. doi:10.1002/ab.20195
Heenan, M., & Murray, S. (2006). Study of reported rapes in Vicotria 2000-2003. Melbourne: Office of Women's Policy - Department for Victorian Communities.
Harris, J., & Grace, S. (1999). A question of evidence? Investigating and prosecuting rape in the 1990s.. London: Home Office.
Huang, J. (2016). Rape myths and rape by juveniles. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(4), 489-503. doi:10.1080/14789949.2016.1158848
Jayalakshmi, G., Choudhari, S.B., Mutalik, N.R., & Bhogale, G.S. (2016). Perception about women and attitude towards a rape victim: A cross-sectional study. Medica Innovatica, 5(2); 22-27.
Jimenez, J.A., & Abreu, J.M. (2003).Race and sex effects on attitudinal perceptions of acquaintance rape.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(2), 252-256. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.252
Jordan, J. (2011). Here we go round the review-go-round: Rape investigation and prosecution—are things getting worse not better. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 17(3), 234-249. doi:10.1080/13552600.2011.613278
Kahlor, L., & Eastin, M.S. (2011). Television's Role in the Culture of Violence Toward Women: A Study of Television Viewing and the Cultivation of Rape Myth Acceptance in the United States. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(2), 215-231. doi:10.1080/08838151.2011.566085
Kamenov, Ž., Ljubin, T., & Vurnek, M. (2004). Mjerenje stavova prema žrtvama silovanja: Modifikacija Fieldove skale stavova prema silovanju. Ljetopis socijalnog rada, 11(2); 271-288.
Kilpatrick, D.G., Ruggiero, K.J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B.E., Resnick, H.S., & Best, C.L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 692-700. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.692
Knežević, G., & Momirović, K. (1996).RTT9G, program za analizu metrijskih karakteristika kompozitnih mernih instrumenata. U P. Kostić (Ur.), Problemi merenja u psihologiji. Beograd: Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja. 2 (str. 37-56).
Koss, M.P., Gidycz, C.A., & Wisniewski, N. (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(2), 162-170. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.55.2.162
(2013) Krivični zakonik Srbije. Preuzeto sa https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/krivicni_zakonik.html.
Lefley, H.P., Scott, C.S., Llabre, M., & Hicks, D. (1993).Cultural beliefs about rape and victims' response in three ethnic groups.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63(4), 623-632. doi:10.1037/h0079477
Lisak, D., Gardinier, L., Nicksa, S.C., & Cote, A.M. (2010). False Allegations of Sexual Assault: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases. Violence Against Women, 16(12), 1318-1334. doi:10.1177/1077801210387747
Lockley, P. (2013). Nők erőszakos kapcsolatokban. Budapest: Animula Könyvek.
Lonsway, K.A., & Fitzgerald, L.F. (1994).Rape Myths.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(2), 133-164. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x
Ljubin, T., & Kamenov, Ž. (2004). Podržavanje mitova o silovanju među studentima: Razlike po spolu i studijskom usmjerenju. Socijalna Psihijatrija, 32(2); 58-65.
Maxwell, L., & Scott, G. (2014).A review of the role of radical feminist theories in the understanding of rape myth acceptance.Journal of Sexual Aggression, 20(1), 40-54. doi:10.1080/13552600.2013.773384
McMahon, S. (2010). Rape Myth Beliefs and Bystander Attitudes Among Incoming College Students. Journal of American College Health, 59(1), 3-11. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.483715
McMahon, S., & Farmer, G.L. (2011).An Updated Measure for Assessing Subtle Rape Myths.Social Work Research, 35(2), 71-81. doi:10.1093/swr/35.2.71
Morry, M.M., & Winkler, E. (2001).Student acceptance and expectation of sexual assault.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 33(3), 188-192.doi:10.1037/h0087140
O’connor, B.P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396-402. doi:10.3758/bf03200807
Paul, L.A., Gray, M.J., Elhai, J.D., & Davis, J.L. (2009). Perceptions of peer rape myth acceptance and disclosure in a sample of college sexual assault survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(3), 231-241. doi:10.1037/a0016989
Payne, D.L., Lonsway, K.A., & Fitzgerald, L.F. (1999). Rape Myth Acceptance: Exploration of Its Structure and Its Measurement Using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(1), 27-68. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1998.2238
Patterson, D. (2011). The Linkage Between Secondary Victimization by Law Enforcement and Rape Case Outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(2), 328-347. doi:10.1177/0886260510362889
R Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Preuzeto sa https:// www.R-project.org/.
Randall, M., & Haskell, L. (1995).Sexual Violence in Women's Lives.Violence Against Women, 1(1), 6-31. Findings from the Women's Safety Project, a community-based survey.doi:10.1177/1077801295001001002
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan : An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Rumney, P.N.S. (2006). False Allegations of Rape.The Cambridge Law Journal, 65(01), 128.doi:10.1017/s0008197306007069
Shaw, J., Campbell, R., Cain, D., & Feeney, H. (2017). Beyond surveys and scales: How rape myths manifest in sexual assault police records. Psychology of Violence, 7(4), 602-614. doi:10.1037/vio0000072
Bhogal, M.S., & Corbett, S. (2016). The Influence of Aggressiveness on Rape-Myth Acceptance among University Students.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 23(5), 709-715. doi:10.1080/13218719.2016.1142931
Starfelt, L.C., & White, K.M. (2015). The influence of perpetrator and victim intoxication on perceivers' ratings of a sexual perpetrator's own awareness of wrongdoing for his sexually aggressive behaviour. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 21(2), 209-223. doi:10.1080/13552600.2013.842002
Süssenbach, P., & Bohner, G. (2011).Acceptance of sexual aggression myths in a representative sample of German residents.Aggressive Behavior, 37(4), 374-385. doi:10.1002/ab.20390
Uji, M., Shono, M., Shikai, N., & Kitamura, T. (2007). Rape Myth Scale: Factor structure and relationship with gender egalitarianism among Japanese professionals. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61(4), 392-400. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01674.x
-The United States Department of Justice. (2013). . Preuzeto sa https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/updated-definition-rape.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Prevalence and Consequences of Male-to-female and Female-to-male Intimate Partner Violence as Measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women, 6(2), 142-161. doi:10.1177/10778010022181769
Vickerman, K.A., & Margolin, G. (2009). Rape treatment outcome research: Empirical findings and state of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(5), 431-448. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.004
Waterhouse, G.F., Reynolds, A., & Egan, V. (2016). Myths and legends: The reality of rape offences reported to a UK police force. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8(1), 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.ejpal.2015.04.001
Williams, , Forster, , & Petrak, (1999). Rape attitudes amongst British medical students.Medical Education, 33(1), 24-27. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00296.x
Wilpert, G. (2001). Sachwörterbuch der Literatur. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner.
Wilson, L.C., & Scarpa, A. (2017).A pilot study of the impact of sexist attitudes on male survivors of rape.Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(4), 409-413. doi:10.1037/men0000059
Autori zadržavaju autorska prava nad objavljenim člancima, a izdavaču daju neekskluzivno pravo da članak objavi, da u slučaju daljeg korišćenja članka bude naveden kao njegov prvi izdavač, kao i da distribuira članak u svim oblicima i medijima. Objavljeni članci distribuiraju se u skladu sa licencom Creative Commons Autorstvo – Deliti pod istim uslovima 4.0 International (CC BY-SA) . Dopušteno je da se delo kopira i distribuira u svim medijima i formatima, da se prerađuje, menja i nadograđuje u bilo koje svrhe, uključujući i komercijalne, pod uslovom da se na pravilan način citiraju njegovi prvobitni autori, postavi link ka originalnoj licenci, naznači da li je delo izmenjeno i da se novo delo objavi pod istom licencom kao i
originalno. Autorima je dozvoljeno da objavljenu verziju rada deponuju u institucionalni ili tematski repozitorijum ili da je objave na ličnim veb stranicama (uključujući i profile na društvenim mrežama, kao što su ResearchGate, Academia.edu, itd.), na sajtu institucije u kojoj su zaposleni, u bilo koje vreme nakon objavljivanja u časopisu, uz adekvatno referisanje.