BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS OF BODY COMPOSITION IN FITNESS AND BODYBUILDING COMPETITORS AND RECREATIONAL EXERCISERS

Adam Gligoroski; Vujica Zivkovic; Miodrag Todorovic; Lenche Aleksovska Velichkovska Lenche

doi:10.5937/sanamed0-47828

Adam Gligoroski Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
Vujica Zivkovic Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
Miodrag Todorovic Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
Lenche Aleksovska Velichkovska Lenche Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/sanamed0-47828

Keywords: bodybuilding, body fat mass, competitors, fitness, recreational, skeletal muscle mass

Abstract

Introduction: Bodybuilding and fitness are sports in which the primary goal is to build and shape a desirable body figure. Consequently, achieving the ideal body composition is the ultimate aspiration of every participant in these sports. Body composition analysis is a valuable tool for assessing body structure and quantifying data for this specific athletic population. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the body composition characteristics of fitness and bodybuilding enthusiasts, both competitive and recreational.

Material and Methods: This study included 89 adult women and men, aged 18 to 37, who were categorized into four groups: female competitors (N=9), female recreational participants (N=30), male competitors (N=15), and male recreational participants (N=35). Body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance method, specifically the InBody720.

Results: The comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) obesity parameters revealed that BMI did not significantly differ between competitors and recreational participants in both male and female groups. However, competitors (both male and female) displayed a higher volume of body fluids (ICW and ECW). Body fat mass (BFM) was statistically greater in recreational participants when compared to competitors, with females having 18.58 kg vs. 12.47 kg, and males having 16.64 kg vs. 9.81 kg. Mean values of body fat percentage were also statistically higher in recreational participants compared to competitors, with women at 27.25% vs. 16.39% and men at 19.49% vs. 11.97%.

Conclusions: Fitness competitors had a significantly higher fat-free mass and a significantly lower fat component. Recreational exercisers exhibited significantly higher obesity parameters, body fat percentage, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) compared to competitors in fitness and bodybuilding.

Author Biographies

Adam Gligoroski, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia

Doctoral student

ORCID: 0009-0000-0628-1235

Vujica Zivkovic , Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia

ORCID: 0000-0002-4837-2167

References

Silva PT, de Soza T R, De Rose EH. Body composition and proportionality of elite bodybuilders in Brazil. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2003; 9(6):403-7.

Linder F. Life is art and seeing the promise of big bodies. Am Ethnol. 2007; 34(3): 451-72. doi:10.1525/ae.2007.34.3.451.

Graybeal JB, Moore LM, Cruz MR, Tinsley GM. Body composition assessment in male and female bodybuilders: A 4-Compartement model comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and impedance-based devices. J Strength Cond Res. 2020; 34(6): 1676-89. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002831.

Iraki J, Fitschen P, Espinar S, Helms E. Nutrition recommendations for bodybuilders in the off-season: A narrative review. Sports (Basel). 2019;7(7):154-73. doi: 10.3390/sports7070154.

Ogita S. The effects of body composition differences on placement at bodybuilding competition among male amateur bodybuilders. Research Papers. 2010. Available on: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/26/

Tykhorskyi T, Dzhym V, Mykolay G, Dzhym E. Analysis of the morphological changes in beginning bodybuilders due to resistance training. J Phys Edu Sport. 2018; 18(supp 1): 382-6. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2018.s152.

World Health Organization (WHO). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva (Switzerland). World Health Organization; 2010. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241599979

Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985; 100(2), 126-31.

Can S, Demirkan E, Ercan S. The effects of exercise preference on body fat and body mass index by self-report. Univ J Edu Res. 2019;7(1):293-7. doi:10.13189/ujer.2019.070137.

de Moraes WMAM, de Almeida FN, Dos Santos LEA, Cavalcante KDG, Santos HO, Navalta JW, et al. Carbohydrate loading practice in bodybuilders: effects on muscle thickness, photo silhouette scores, mood states and gastrointestinal symptoms. J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(4):772-9.

Spendlove J, Mitchell L, Gifford J, Hackett D, Slater G, Cobley S, et al. Dietary intake of competitive bodybuilders. Sports Med. 2015;45:1041-63. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0329-4.

Makiel K, Suder A, Kasza S, Kubasiak K. Body composition and dietary patterns in professional and amateur bodybuilders. Anthrop Rev. 2020; 83(2):225-38. doi:10.2478/anre-2020-0016.

American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):687-708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670.

Bamman MM, Hunter GR, Newton LE, Roney RK, Kaled MA. Changes in body composition, diet, and strength of bodybuilders during the 12 weeks prior to competition. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1993;33(4):383-91.

Katch VL, Katch FI, Moffatt R, Gittleson M. Muscular development and lean body weight in bodybuilders and weight lifters. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12: 340-4.

Chappell AJ, Simper T, Helms E. Nutritional strategies of British professional and amateur natural bodybuilders during competition preparation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16 (1):35. doi: 10.1186/s12970-019-0302-y.

De Souza DC, dos Santos JAB, de Jesus DM, Gentil P. Biochemical profile and body composition alteration of amateur bodybuilders during the pre-contest period. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2018; 3(2):26. doi:10.3390/JFMK3020026.

Viana R, Gentil P, Brasileiro E, Pimentel G, Vancini R, Andrade M, de Lira C. High resistance training volume and low caloric and protein intake are associated with detrimental alterations in body composition of an amateur bodybuilder using anabolic steroids: a case report. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2017; 2(4): 37. doi:103390/jfmk2040037.

Sandoval WM, Heyward VH, Lyons TI. Comparison of body composition, exercise and nutritional profiles of female and male bodybuilders at competition. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1989; 29(1):63-70.

Heyward VH, Sandoval WM, Colville BC. Anthropometric, body composition and nutritional profiles of bodybuilders during training. J Appl Sci Res. 1989: 3(2): 22-9.

Devrim A, Bilgic P, Hongu N. Is there a relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? Am J Men's Health. 2018; 12(5):1746-58. doi: 10.1177/1557988318786868.

Beji RS, Ksouri WM, Ali RB, Saidi O, Ksouri R, Jameleddine S. Evaluation of nutritional status and body composition of young Tunisian weightlifters. Tunis Med. 2016; 94(2):112-7.

Rossow LM, Fukuda DH, Fahs CA, Loenneke JP, Stout JR.Natural bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery: a 12-month case study. Int J Sport Physiol Perform. 2013; 8(5):582–92. doi:10.1123/ijspp.8.5.582.

Robinson SL, Lambeth-Mansell A, Gilibrand G, Smith-Ryan BL. A nutrition and condition intervention for natural bodybuilding contestant preparation: case study. JISSN. 2015;12:20. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0083-x.

Alwan N, Moss SL, Elliot-Sale KJ, Davies IG. A narrative review on female physique athletes: The physiological and psychological implications of weight management practices. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Met.2019; 29(6): 682-9. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0037.

Van der Ploeg GE, Brooks AG, Withers RT, Dollman J, Leaney F, Chatterton BE. Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001; 55(4):268-77. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601154.