THE IMPACT OF CONTROL VARIABLES ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONG EMPLOYED PERSONS
Keywords:
Individual entrepreneurial orientation, the theory of planned behavior, entrepreneurial intentions, employed persons, Serbia.
Abstract
The paper presents the results of the study of individual entrepreneurial orientation dimensions, the achievement dimension and the theory of planned behavior dimensions, depending on seven control variables: the respondents' gender, their age, the educational level of the respondents, the ownership structure of the enterprises, the respondents' previous experience in entrepreneurship, their perceived job performance, and their perceived finances. The specificity of the research is that the respondents are employed persons. The sample included 540 respondents from 72 organizations in Serbia. Data analysis was performed via a t-test. A statistically significant difference in the influence of the observed control variables exists in most cases, except for the control variable - the respondents' level of education. Thus, four of the seven hypotheses were fully confirmed, two were partially confirmed, while one hypothesis was rejected. The profile of an employed person who, potentially, has the greatest chances of becoming an entrepreneur is the following: a younger man with a high school diploma (a degree does not have such a significant impact), who is employed in a private company, has previous entrepreneurial experience, is successful at work and has adequate finances.
References
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[36] Santos, F.J., Roomi, M.A., & Liñán, F. (2016). About Gender Differences and the Social Environment in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 49-66.
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[39] Shneor, R., Metin Camgöz, S., & Bayhan Karapinar, P. (2013). The interaction between culture and sex in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development An International Journal, 25(9-10), 781-803.
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[41] Tsai, K.H., Chang, H.C., & Peng, C.Y. (2016). Refining the linkage between perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention: roles of perceived opportunity, fear of failure, and gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 1127-1145.
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[43] Winn, J. (2005). Women Entrepreneurs: Can We Remove the Barriers? The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 381-397.
[2] Antončič, B., & Hisrich, R.D. (2001). Intrapreneurship: Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 495-527.
[3] Athayde, R. (2009). Measuring Enterprise Potential in Young People. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 481-500.
[4] Bender, K.A., & Roche, K. (2016). Self-employment and the paradox of the contented female worker. Small Business Economics, 47(2), 421-435.
[5] Bergmann, H., Hundt, C., & Sternberg, R. (2016). What makes student entrepreneurs? On the relevance (and irrelevance) of the university and the regional context for student start-ups. Small Business Economics, 47(1), 53-76.
[6] Bolton, D.L., & Lane, M.D. (2012). Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation: development of a measurement instrument. Education + Training, 54(2/3), 219-233.
[7] Conroy, T., & Weiler, S. (2016). Does gender matter for job creation? Business ownership and employment growth. Small Business Economics, 47(2), 397-419.
[8] Dechawatanapaisal, D. (2018). The moderating effects of demographic characteristics and certain psychological factors on the job embeddedness – turnover relationship among Thai health-care employees. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(1), 43-62.
[9] Diaz-Garcia, M.C., & Jiménez-Moreno, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 261-283.
[10] do Paço, A., Matos Ferreira, J., Raposo, M., Gouveia Rodrigues, R., & Dinis, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial intentions: is education enough? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(1), 57-75.
[11] Espíritu-Olmos, R., & Sastre-Castillo, M.A. (2015). Personality traits versus work values: Comparing psychological theories on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1595-1598.
[12] Hatak, I., Harms, R., & Fink, M. (2015). Age, job identification, and entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 38-53.
[13] Hechavarria, D.M., Terjesen, S.A., Ingram, A.E., Renko, M., Justo, R., & Elam, A. (2017). Taking care of business: the impact of culture and gender on entrepreneurs’ blended value creation goals. Small Business Economics, 48(1), 225-157.
[14] Hisrich, R.D., Peters, M.P., & Shepherd, D.A. (2008). Poduzetništvo, sedmo izdanje, Zagreb: Mate.
[15] Hockerts, K. (2017). Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105-130.
[16] Hoppe, M. (2016). Policy and entrepreneurship education. Small Business Economics, 46(1), 13-29.
[17] Hormiga, E., Hancock, C., & Valls-Pasola, J. (2013). The relationship between employee propensity to innovate and their decision to create a company. Management Decision, 51(5), 938-953.
[18] Hornsby, J., Peña-Legazque, I., & Guerrero, M. (2013). Guest editorial: the role of corporate entrepreneurship in the current organizational and economic landscape. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(3), 295-305.
[19] Hsu, D.K., Shinnar, R.S., Powell, B.C., & Coffey, B.S. (2017). Intentions to reenter venture creation: The effect of entrepreneurial experience and organizational climate. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 35(8), 928–948.
[20] Jain, R., & Ali, S.W. (2012). Personal Characteristics of Indian Entrepreneurs and Intrapreneurs An Empirical Study. Management and Labour Studies, 37(4), 295-322.
[21] Jayawarna, D., Jones, O., & Marlow, S. (2015). The influence of gender upon social networks and bootstrapping behaviours. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(3), 316-329.
[22] Kean, R.C., Van Zandt, S., & Maupin, W. (2008). Successful Aging: The Older Entrepreneur. Journal of Women & Aging, 5(1), 25-42.
[23] Knorr, H., Garzón, D., & Martinez, D. (2011). Motivations and differences upon reconciling professional and personal life: an empirical study of businesswomen and businessmen in the Valencian Community. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(3), 391-412.
[24] Kwong, C., & Thompson, P. (2016). The When and Why: Student Entrepreneurial Aspirations. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 299-318.
[25] Leppel, K. (2016). The incidence of self-employment by sexual orientation. Small Business Economics, 46(3), 347-363.
[26] Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.W. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intention. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
[27] Luca, M.R., Cazan, A.M., & Tomulescu, D. (2013). Entrepreneurial personality in higher education. 3rd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance (WCPCG-2012), Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84(2013), 1045-1049.
[28] Marshall, D.R., & Gigliotti, R. (2018). Bound for entrepreneurship? A career-theoretical perspective on entrepreneurial intentions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(1), 287-303.
[29] Minola, T., Criaco, G., & Obschonka, M. (2016). Age, culture, and self-employment motivation. Small Business Economics, 46(2), 187-213.
[30] Miralles, F., Giones, F., & Riverola, C. (2016). Evaluating the impact of prior experience in entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 791-813.
[31] Miralles, F., Giones, F., & Gozun, B. (2017). Does direct experience matter? Examining the consequences of current entrepreneurial behavior on entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(3), 881-903.
[32] Mohedano-Suanes, A., & Benitez, D.G. (2018). Intrapreneurs: Characteristics and Behavior. (pp. 109-119), In: Tur Porcar A., Ribeiro Soriano D. (eds) Inside the Mind of the Entrepreneur. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham.
[33] Perenyi, A., Zolin, R., & Maritz, A. (2018). The perceptions of Australian senior entrepreneurs on the drivers of their entrepreneurial activity. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(1), 81-103.
[34] Poggesi, S., Mari, M., & De Vita, L. (2016). What’s new in female entrepreneurship research? Answers from the literature. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 735-764.
[35] Sahut, J.M., Gharbi, S., & Mili, M. (2015). Identifying factors key to encouraging entrepreneurial intentions among seniors. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 32(4), 252-264.
[36] Santos, F.J., Roomi, M.A., & Liñán, F. (2016). About Gender Differences and the Social Environment in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 49-66.
[37] Saraf, N. (2015). What Determines Entrepreneurial Intention in India? Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 1(1), 39-55.
[38] Shinnar, R.S., & Young, C. (2008). Hispanic immigrant entrepreneurs in the Las Vegas metropolitan area: Motivations for entry into and outcomes of self-employment. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(2), 242-262.
[39] Shneor, R., Metin Camgöz, S., & Bayhan Karapinar, P. (2013). The interaction between culture and sex in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development An International Journal, 25(9-10), 781-803.
[40] Tkachev, A., & Kolvereid, L. (1999). Self-employment intentions among Russian students. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development An International Journal, 11(3), 187-215.
[41] Tsai, K.H., Chang, H.C., & Peng, C.Y. (2016). Refining the linkage between perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention: roles of perceived opportunity, fear of failure, and gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 1127-1145.
[42] Virick, M., Basu, A., & Rogers, A. (2015). Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention among Laid-Off Individuals: A Cognitive Appraisal Approach. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(2), 450-468.
[43] Winn, J. (2005). Women Entrepreneurs: Can We Remove the Barriers? The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 381-397.
Published
2021/10/15
Section
Original Scientific Paper
