ENHANCING COMPETITIVENESS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN DESTINATIONS THROUGH FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Abstract
To stay competitive, destinations require frequent adaptation and transformation. One trend that has emerged in the early 21st century is the integration of the location, destination and living spaces. One example is the proposed "Ecosystem of Hospitality" that includes aspects such as quality of life, culture, resilience or entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial activity has the potential to contribute to local and regional economic development. Business foundations in creative markets such as education, fashion, medicine, arts and entertainment may positively impact both residents (living space) and visitors (destination space). As female entrepreneurs are perceived as particularly active in these markets and are often considered to establish more adaptable, resilient, sustainable and transformation-oriented startups, they have great potential to contribute to the competitiveness of destinations and enhance the quality of life for residents and visitors. As a connection of these fields has not been investigated yet, this paper investigates possible correlations between female entrepreneurship and destinations' competitiveness and quality of life. Secondary data from a variety of sources have been analyzed. The findings enhance the linkage between destination development and local entrepreneurship and provide new perspectives for destination managers. Hence, the study contributes to the understanding of the role of female entrepreneurs.
References
Abouzahr, K., Krentz, M., Harthorne, J. & Taplett, F.B. (2018). Why Women-Owned Startups Are a Better Bet. Retrieved August, 31, 2022, from https://www.bcg.com/de-de/publications/2018/why-women-owned-startups-are-better-bet.
Bachinger, M., Kofler, I. & Pechlaner, H. (2020). Sustainable instead of high-growth? Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 238-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.07.001.
Bakas, F.E. (2017). Community resilience through entrepreneurship: the role of gender. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 11(1), 61-77. DOI: 10.1108/JEC-01-2015-0008.
Basile, G., Dominici, G. & Tani, M. (2016). Place Marketing and Management: A Complex Adaptive Systems View. The Strategic Planning of the City of Avellino, Italy. Systematic Practice and Action Research, 29, 469-484.
Berger, E.S. & Kuckertz, A. (2016). Female entrepreneurship in startup ecosystems worldwide. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5163-5168. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.098.
Bianchi, M., Parisi, V. & Salvatore, R. (2016). Female entrepreneurs: motivations and constraints. An Italian regional study. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 198–220. DOI: 10.1108/IJGE-08-2015-0029.
Bieger, T. (2001). Kompetenzorientierte kommunale Standortstrategie. In C. Lengwiler (Ed.), Luzerner Beiträge zur Betriebs- und Regionalökonomie: Vol. 8 Gemeindemanagement in Theorie & Praxis (pp. 445-466). Chur: Rüegger.
Bieger, T. & Klumbies, A. (2022). From Destination Management to Integrated Development of Places – Enabling Personal Networks Instead of Management and Control. In H. Pechlaner, N. Olbrich, J. Philipp & H. Thees (Ed.), Towards an Ecosystem of Hospitality – Location:City:Destination (pp. 50-59). Llanelli, Wales: Graffeg.
Birsan, A., Ghinea, R., Vintila, L. & State, C. (2022). Female Entrepreneurship Model, a Sustainable Solution for Crisis Resilience. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(2), 39. DOI: 10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n2p39.
Bosma, N. und Kelley, D. (2019). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2018/2019 Global Report. Chile: Gráfica Andes.
Carbone, F. (2020). Tourism destination management post COVID-19 pandemic: a new humanism for a human-centred tourism (tourism 5.0). In L.M. Figueira & L. Oosterbeek (Ed.), Turismo Mundial, Crise Sanitária e Futuro (pp. 43-55). Tomar: Instituto Politécnico de Tomar.
Cavallo, A., Ghezzi, A. & Balocco, R. (2019). Entrepreneurial ecosystem research: present debates and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15, 1291-1321. DOI: 10.1007/s11365-018-0526-3.
Cronjé, D.F. & du Plessis, E. (2020). A review on tourism destination competitiveness. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 256-265. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.06.012.
Crouch, G.I. (2011). Destination Competitiveness: An Analysis of Determinant Attributes. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 27-45. DOI: 10.1177/0047287510362776.
Dias, Á., González‐Rodríguez, M. R., & Patuleia, M. (2021). Retaining tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs for destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(4), 701-712
Dias, Á. L., Silva, R., Patuleia, M., Estêvão, J., & González-Rodríguez, M. R. (2022b). Selecting lifestyle entrepreneurship recovery strategies: A response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(1), 115-121.
Dodds, R. & Butler, R (2019). Overtourism: Issues, Realities and Solutions. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Dwyer, L. (2022). Destination competitiveness and resident well-being. Tourism Management Perspectives, 43, 100996.
Elam, A.B., Hughes, K.D., Guerrero, M., Hill, S., Nawangpalupi, C., del Mar Fuentes, M., Dianez González, J.P., Fernández Laviada, A., Nicolas Martínez, C., Rubio Bañón, A., Chabrak, N., Brush, C., Baumer, B. & Heavlow, R. (2021). Women’s Entrepreneurship 2020/21: Thriving Through Crisis. London: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association.
Espoir, C.M., Smith-Hunter, A. & Nolan, J. (2020). Female Entrepreneurship and Small and Medium-size Enterprise Growth: Evidence from Congo. International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 13(1), 35-50.
Hanson, S. (2009). Changing Places Through Women's Entrepreneurship. Economic Geography, 85(3), 245-267. DOI: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01033.x.
Hartmann, R. (2018). Nachhaltiger Tourismus als Baustein der Lebensqualität – Fallstudie zum Potenzial der Modernistischen Architektur im Städtetourismus. In G. Schäfer & D. Brinkmann (Ed.), Lebensqualität als postmodernes Konstrukt. Soziale, gesundheitsbezogene und kulturelle Dimensionen. Bremen: HSB.
Hedorfer, P. (2022). A message from Petra Hedorfer, Chief Executive Officer of the German National Tourist Board (GNTB). In H. Pechlaner, N. Olbrich, J. Philipp & H. Thees, H. (Ed.), Towards an Ecosystem of Hospitality – Location:City:Destination (pp. 10-13). Llanelli, Wales: Graffeg.
Hirschfeld, A., Gilde, J. & Wöss, N. (2020). Female Founders Monitor. Berlin: Bundesverband Deutsche Startups.
Hoppe, T. & Holzki, L. (2021). Die Start-up-Szene will kein Herrenklub mehr sein. Retrieved August, 31, 2022, from https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/mehr-gruenderinnen-die-start-up-szene-will-kein-herrenklub-mehr-sein/27028742.html?ticket=ST-2215509-9qhKB3weOI5IywzN3Tos-cas01.example.org.
Hudson, S., Ritchie, B. & Timur, S. (2004). Measuring destination competitiveness: an empirical study of Canadian ski resorts. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 1(1), 79-94. DOI: 10.1080/1479053042000187810.
Jakhar, R. & Krishna, C. (2020). Women Entrepreneurship: Opportunities and Challenges (A Literature Review). International Journal of Management and Information Technology, 5(2), 38-42.
Jennings, J.E. & Brush, C.G. (2013). Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715. DOI: 10.1080/19416520.2013.782190.
Johnson, B.E. & Shultz, B. (2016). Cities of the Future. In S.D. Brunn, M Hays-Mitchell, D.J. Zeigler & J.K. Graybill (Ed.), Cities of the World: Regional Patterns and Urban Environment (pp. 537-570). Lanham, ML: Rowman & Littlefield.
Kerr, G. (2005). From destination brand to location brand. Journal of Brand Management, 13(4/5), 276-283. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540271.
Kollmann, T., Kleine-Stegemann, L., Then-Bergh, C., Harr, M., Hirschfeld, A., Gilde, J. & Walk, V. (2021). Deutscher Startup Monitor 2021: Nie war mehr möglich. Berlin: Bundesverband Deutsche Startups.
Kofler, I., Marcher, A., Volgger, M. & Pechlaner, H. (2018). The special characteristics of tourism innovation networks: The case of the Regional Innovation System in South Tyrol. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 37, 68-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.09.004.
Kotler, P., Haider, D.H. & Rein, I. (1993). Marketing Places: Attracting Investment, Industry, and Tourism to Cities, States, and Nations. New York: The Free Press.
Kubickova, M., Croes, R., & Rivera, M. (2017). Human agency shaping tourism competitiveness and quality of life in developing economies. Tourism management perspectives, 22, 120-131.
Kumar, S., & Dhir, A. (2020). Associations between travel and tourism competitiveness and culture. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100501.
Mastercard (2022). The Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs: How targeted support for women-led business can unlock sustainable economic growth.
McAdam, M. (2013). Female entrepreneurship. Abingdon: Routledge.
Metzger, G. (2021). KfW-Gründungsmonitor 2021: Gründungstätigkeit 2020 mit Licht und Schatten: Corona-Krise bringt Tiefpunkt im Vollerwerb, birgt für viele aber auch Chancen. Frankfurt: KfW Bankengruppe.
Münster, L.M., Hinze, M., Wischmeyer, N., Schulte, J. & Niggehoff, L.T. (2021). Female Founders Report 2021: Frauen in der deutschen Start-up Szene: Antiquierte Rollenbilder oder neuer Schwung? Stuttgart: Vereinigung Baden-Württembergische Wertpapierbörse.
Obilor, E.I., & Amadi, E.C. (2018). Test for significance of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. International Journal of Innovative Mathematics, Statistics & Energy Policies, 6(1), 11-23.
OECD (2021). Entrepreneurship Policies through a Gender Lens. Retrieved August, 31, 2022, from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/71c8f9c9-en/1/3/1/1/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/71c8f9c9-en&_csp_=c77fdcc6651b7163c3d749c5dfe65cc1&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=book.
OECD (no date). OECD Better Life Index. Retrieved August 17, 2022, from https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/de/topics/life-satisfaction-de/.
Pechlaner, H. (2022). From Urban and Rural Spaces to Integrative and Transformative Places – Ecosystems of Hospitality as an Expression of Future-Oriented Living Together. In H. Pechlaner, N. Olbrich, J. Philipp & H. Thees, H. (Ed.), Towards an Ecosystem of Hospitality – Location:City:Destination (pp. 10-13). Llanelli, Wales: Graffeg.
Pechlaner, H., Olbrich, N., Philipp, J. & Thees, H. (2022). Towards an Ecosystem of Hospitality – Location:City:Destination. Llanelli, Wales: Graffeg.
Peters, M., Kallmuenzer, A. & Buhalis, D. (2019). Hospitality Entrepreneurs managing quality of life and business growth. Current Issues in Tourism, 22 (16), 2014-2033. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2018.1437122.
Philipp, J., Thees, H. & Olbrich, N. (2022a). Towards Common Ground: Integrating Destination, Location and Living Space. In H. Pechlaner, N. Olbrich, J. Philipp & H. Thees (Ed.), Towards an Ecosystem of Hospitality – Location:City:Destination (pp. 32-41). Llanelli, Wales: Graffeg.
Philipp, J., Thees, H., Olbrich, N. & Pechlaner, H. (2022b). Towards an Ecosystem of Hospitality: The Dynamic Future of Destinations. Sustainability, 14(2), 821. DOI: 10.3390/su14020821.
Postma, A., Buda, D.-M. & Gugerell, K. (2017). The future of city tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(2), 95-101. DOI: 10.1108/JTF-09-2017-067.
Rey-Maquieira, J. & Ramos, V. (2016). Destination competitiveness. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Tourism. Cham: Springer International.
Ritchie, J.R.B., and Crouch, G.I. (2003). The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
Salkind, N.J. (2010). Encyclopedia of Research Design. SAGE.
Schuhbert, A. (2013). Touristische Destinationen als Cluster - eine Untersuchung zur wissensbasierten Wettbewerbsfähigkeit tourismusökonomischer Raumsysteme in Entwicklungsländern am Beispiel der Napo Provinz Ecuadors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Trier, Germany.
Schwing, M. & Zehren, H. (2022). (Female) Entrepreneurship in Tourism: a driver of Sustainable Development. In H. Pechlaner, N. Olbrich, J. Philipp & H. Thees (Ed.), Towards an Ecosystem of Hospitality – Location:City:Destination (pp. 130-140). Llanelli, Wales: Graffeg.
Shane, S. (2012). Reflections on the 2010 AMR Decade Award: Delivering on the Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 10-20. DOI: 10.5465/amr.2011.0078
Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2007). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. In Á. Cuervo, D. Ribeiro & S. Roig (Ed.), Entrepreneurship (pp. 171-184). Berlin: Springer.
Solvoll, S., Alsos, G.A. & Bulanova, O. (2015). Tourism Entrepreneurship – Review and Future Directions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(1), 120-137. DOI: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1065592
Stam, E. & Spigel, B. (2017). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. In R. Blackburn, D. De Clercq & J. Heinonen (Ed.) The SAGE Handbook of Small Business and Small Business (pp. 407-422). London: SAGE.
Sternberg, R., Gorynia-Pfeffer, N., Stolz, L., Baharian, A., Schauer, J., Chlosta, S. & Wallisch, M. (2021). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Unternehmensgründungen im weltweiten Vergleich: Infografiken zum Länderbericht Deutschland 2020/21. Eschborn: RKW.
Sternberg, R., Gorynia-Pfeffer, N., Stolz, L., Schauer, J., Baharian, A. & Wallisch, M. (2022). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Unternehmensgründungen im weltweiten Vergleich: Länderbericht Deutschland 2021/22. Eschborn: RKW
Verheul, I., van Stel, A. & Thurik, R. (2006). Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 18(2), 151-183. DOI: 10.1080/08985620500532053
Schwab, K. (2019). Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 2019. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Schwab, K., Menon, A. & Wolff, C. (2019). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
WHOQOL Group (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 551-558. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291798006667.
Yadav, V. & Unni, J. (2016). Women entrepreneurship: research review and future directions. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6(12). 1-18. DOI: 10.1186/s40497-016-0055-x.
