PLASMA CELL LEUKEMIA
Abstract
Plasma cell leukemia (i.e., plasmacytic leukemia) is a very rare and aggressive form of plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by a poor prognosis, short survival time, and a poor response to the administered therapy. Clinical manifestations vary, however, the extramedullary form of the disease is the most common, as are hypercalcemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, impaired renal function, and increased lactate dehydrogenase concentration. Numerous cytogenetic abnormalities lead to greater proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and changes in the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors. Despite the introduction of new therapeutic modalities based on bortezomib, immunomodulatory drugs, and biological therapy, the therapeutic outcome is still unsatisfactory.
References
Jelinek T, Kryukov F, Rihova L, Hajek R. Plasma cell leukemia: from biology to treatment. Eur J Haematol. 2015 Jul;95(1):16-26. doi: 10.1111/ejh.12533.
Jung SH, Lee JJ. Update on primary plasma cell leukemia. Blood Res. 2022 Apr 30;57(S1):62-6. doi: 10.5045/br.2022.2022033.
Fernandez de Larrea C, Kyle RA, Durie BG, Ludwig H, Usmani S, Vesole DH, et al.; International Myeloma Working Group. Plasma cell leukemia: consensus statement on diagnostic requirements, response criteria and treatment recommendations by the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia. 2013 Apr;27(4):780-91. doi: 10.1038/leu.2012.336.
Gundesen MT, Lund T, Moeller HEH, Abildgaard N. Plasma cell leukemia: definition, presentation, and treatment. Curr Oncol Rep. 2019 Jan 28;21(1):8. doi: 10.1007/s11912-019-0754-x.
Rojas EA, Gutiérrez NC. Genomics of plasma cell leukemia. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Mar 21;14(6):1594. doi: 10.3390/cancers14061594.
Swami VK, Dwyer-Joyce LEA. Clinical pathology rounds: diagnosing plasma cell leukemia. Lab Med. 2000 Jun 1;31(6):312-5. doi: 10.1309/K6WB-G6GE-82A9-KK4P.
Gowin K, Skerget S, Keats JJ, Mikhael J, Cowan AJ. Plasma cell leukemia: a review of the molecular classification, diagnosis, and evidenced-based treatment. Leuk Res. 2021 Dec;111:106687. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106687.
van de Donk NW, Lokhorst HM, Anderson KC, Richardson PG. How I treat plasma cell leukemia. Blood. 2012 Sep 20;120(12):2376-89. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-408682.
Tuazon SA, Holmberg LA, Nadeem O, Richardson PG. A clinical perspective on plasma cell leukemia: current status and future directions. Blood Cancer J. 2021 Feb 4;11:23. doi: 10.1038/s41408-021-00414-6.
Tiedemann RE, Gonzalez-Paz N, Kyle RA, Santana-Davila R, Price-Troska T, Van Wier SA, et al. Genetic aberrations and survival in plasma cell leukemia. Leukemia. 2008 May;22(5):1044-52. doi: 10.1038/leu.2008.4.
Singh ZN, Owens RB, Nair B, Shaughnessy JJr, Barlogie B. Loss of chemokine receptor expression and tetrasparins is correlated with extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010 Nov 19;116(21):2983. doi: 10.1182/blood.V116.21.2983.2983.
Pagano L, Valentini CG, De Stefano V, Venditti A, Visani G, Petrucci MT, et al.; for GIMEMA-ALWP (Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dell'Adulto, Acute Leukemia Working Party: coordinator Sergio Amadori). Primary plasma cell leukemia: a retrospective multicenter study of 73 patients. Ann Oncol. 2011 Jul;22(7):1628-35. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdq646.
Yu T, Xu Y, An G, Tai YT, Ho M, Li Z, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemia: real-world retrospective study of 46 patients from a single-center study in China. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020 Oct;20(10):e652-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.05.014.
Schinke C, Boyle EM, Ashby C, Wang Y, Lyzoguboiv V, Wardell C, et al. Genomic analysis of primary plasma cell leukemia reveals complex structural alterations and high-risk mutational patterns. Blood Cancer J. 2020 Jun 19;10(6):70. doi: 10.1038/s41408-020-0336-z.
Čolović M, Janković G, Suvajdžić N, Milić N, Đorđević V, Janković S. Thirty patients with primary plasma cell leukemia: a single center experience. Med Oncol. 2008;25(2):154-60. doi: 10.1007/s12032-007-9011-5.
Musto P. Progress in the treatment of primary plasma cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 20;34(18):2082-4. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.66.6115.
Katodritou E, Terpos E, Delimpasi S, Kotsopoulou M, Michalis E, Vadikolia C, et al. Real-world data on prognosis and outcome of prim,ary plasma cell leukemia in the era of novel agents: a multicenter national study by the Greek Myeloma Study Group. Blood Cancer J. 2018 Mar 9;8(3):31. doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0059-6.
van de Donk NWCJ, Minnema MC, van der Holt B, Schjesvold F, Wu KL, Broijl A, et al. Treatment of primary plasma cell leukaemia with carfilzomib and lenalidomide-based therapy (EMN12/HOVON-129): final analysis of a non-randomised, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Oct;24(10):1119-33. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00405-9.
Drake MB, Iacobelli S, van Biezen A, Morris C, Apperley JF, Niederwieser D, et al. Primary plasma cell leukemia and autologous stem cell transplantation Haematologica. 2010 May;95(5):804-9. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2009.013334.
Jung SH, Lee JJ, Kim K, Suh C, Yoon DH, Min CK, et al.; Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party. The role of frontline autologous stem cell transplantation for primary plasma cell leukemia: a retrospective multicenter study (KMM160). Oncotarget. 2017 Jun 16;8(45):79517-26. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.18535.
Mahindra A, Kalaycio ME, Vala-Ojeda J, Vesole DH, Zhang MJ, Li P, et al. Haematoietic cell transplantation for primary plasma cell leukemia: results from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. Leukemia. 2012 May;26(5):1091-7. doi: 10.1038/leu.2011.312.
