KOVID-19: ŠTA SMO NAUČILI OD POČETKA EPIDEMIJE DO DANAS?
Ključne reči:
koronavirus, KOVID-19, pandemija, pneumonija
Sažetak
Krajem decembra 2019. godine, u gradu Vuhan u Kini, beleži se pojava virusne pneumonije kod velikog broja bolesnika. Ubrzo je otkriven uzročnik ove infekcije - novi koronavirus, nazvan SARS-CoV-2 zbog genetske sličnosti sa virusom koji izaziva teški akutni respiratorni sindrom (SARS-CoV). Infekcija se munjevito proširila na druge kontinente, a pandemija još uvek traje. Klinička slika varira od asimptomatske forme, preko simptoma infekcije gornjih respiratornih puteva, do pneumonije i akutnog respiratornog distres sindroma (ARDS). Starije osobe, imunokompromitovani bolesnici i hronični internistički bolesnici su u riziku za tešku formu bolesti. Virus ulazi u ćelije preko receptora za angiotenzin konvertujući enzim 2 (ACE2) koji su prisutni praktično u svim tkivima u organizmu. Pored intersticijalne pneumonije, patološke promene se sreću i na drugim sistemima organa.U Srbiji je prvi slučaj zabeležen 6.marta 2020. godine. Veliki broj bolesnika je zahtevao angažovanje zdravstvenih radnika svih profila, uvođenje velikog broja zdravstvenih ustanova u COVID sistem. Pojava novog virusa iziskivala je potrebu za novim antivirusnim lekom. Na bazi prethodnog iskustva sa SARS-CoV virusom, korišćeni su antivirsni lekovi poznati od ranije, sa različitim stepenom uspeha. Terapija se menjala u skladu sa novim saznanjima, a od početka epidemije u Srbiji ustanovljen je nacionalni protokol za lečenje COVID-19, koji je išao u korak sa preporukama vodećih svetskih institucija.Najznačajniji događaj u toku pandemije je pojava vakcine protiv COVID-19, a vakcinacija u Srbiji je počela decembra 2020. godine. Brzina završetka penademija zavisi direktno od brzine i efikasnosti vakcinacije, uz druge epidemiološke mere.
Reference
1. Chams, N.; Chams, S.; Badran, R.; Shams, A.; Araji, A.; Raad, M.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Stroberg, E.; Duval, E.; Barton, L.; Hussein, I. COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Review . Front Public Health. 2020, 8, 383; doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00383.
2. WHO. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guidance.Jan 25, 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021.
3. Yan, R.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Xia, L.; Guo, Y.; Zhou, Q. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science.2020, 367, 1444-1448. doi: 10.1126/science.abb2762.
4. Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Song, J. i saradnici. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382,727-733. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
5. Masters PS. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2006, 66,193–292. Doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3.
6. Cevik, M.; Kuppalli, K.; Kindrachuk, J.; Peiris, M. Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ. 2020, 371. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3862.
7. Shereen,MA.; Khan, S.; Kazmi, A.; Bashir, N.; Siddique, R. COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020, 24, 91–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005.
8. Cheng, A.; Zhang, W.; Xie, Y.; Jiang, W.; Arnold, E.; Sarafianos, SG. i saradnici. Expression, purification, and characterization of SARS coronavirus RNA polymerase. Virology. 2005, 335, 165–176. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.017.
9. Li, X.; Geng, M.; Peng, Y.; Meng, L.; Lu, S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020, 10, 102–108. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001.
10. Li, G.; Fan, Y.; Lai, Y.; Han, T.; Li, Z.; Zhou, P. i saradnici. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020, 92, 424–432. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25685.
11. Zhou, Y.; Fu, B.; Zheng, X.; Wang, D.; Zhao, C.; Qi, Y.; Sun, R.; Tian, Z.; Xu, X.; Wei, H. Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients. National Science Review. 2020, 7, 998–1002.https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa041.
12. Mahallawi, W.H.; Khabour, O.F.:, Zhang, Q.; Makhdoum, H.M.: Suliman, B.A. MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile. Cytokine. 2018,104, 8–13. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.025.
13. Wong, C.K.; Lam, C.W.K.; Wu, A.K.L. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014, 136, 95–103.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x.
14. Ruan, Q.; Yang, K.; Wang, W.; Jiang, L.; Song, J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020, 46, 846–848. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x.
15. Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y. i saradnici . Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet.2020, 395,497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
16. Dienz, O.; Rincon, M. The effects of IL-6 on CD4 T cell responses. Clin. Immunol.2009, 130, 27–33. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.018.
17. Yang, R.; Masters, A.R.; Fortner, K.A.; Champagne, D.P.; Yanguas-Casas, N.; Silberger, D.J.; Weaver, C.T.; Haynes, L.; Rincon, M. IL-6 promotes the differentiation of a subset of naive CD8+ T cells into IL-21-producing B helper CD8+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 2016, 213, 2281–2291. doi:10.1084/jem.20160417.
18. Hussman, J.P. Cellular and molecular pathways of COVID-19 and potential points of therapeutic intervention.Front Pharmacol.2020, 11, 1169. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01169.
19. Varga, Z. Flammer, A.J.; Steiger, P.; Haberecker, M.; Andermatt, R. i saradnici. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020, 395, 1417-1418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5.
20. Guan, W.J.; Ni, Z.Y.; Hu, Y.; Liang, W.H.; Ou, C.Q.; He, J.X. i saradnici. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382, 1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
21. Bhatraju, P.K.; Ghassemieh, B.J.; Nichols, M.; Kim, R.; Jerome, K.R.; Nalla, A.K. i saradnici. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region - case series. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382,2012–2022. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2004500.
22. Richardson, S.; Hirsch, J.S.; Narasimhan, M.; Crawford, J.M.; Mcginn, T.; Davidson, K.W. i saradnici. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020, 323, 2052–2059. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775.
23. Giacomelli, A.; Pezzati, L.; Conti, F.; Bernacchia, D.; Siano, M.; Oreni, L. i saradnici. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020, 71, 889-890.doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330.
24. Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, L.; Wang, X.; Luo, N.; Ling, L. Clinical outcome of 55 asymptomatic cases at the time of hospital admission infected with SARS-Coronavirus-2 in Shenzhen, China. J Infect Dis. 2020, 221, 1770–1774. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa119.
25. Mizumoto, K.; Kagaya, K.; Zarebski, A.; Chowell, G. Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020, 25,2000180. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180.
26. Pelemiš M.; Stevanović, G.; Turkulov, V.; Vučinić, V.; Matijašević, J.; Milošević, B.; Milošević, I. i saradnici. Nacionalni protokol Republike Srbije za lečenje COVID-19 infekcije,Verzija 11. 2021.
27. Wu, Z.; Mcgoogan, J.M. Characteristics of important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control Prevention. JAMA. 2020, 323, 1239–1242. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
28. Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z. i saradnici. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020, 395, 1054–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
29. Goyal, P.; Choi, J.J.; Pinheiro, L.C.; Schenck, E.J.; Chen, R.; Jabri, A. i saradnici . Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382, 2372–2374. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2010419.
30. Chow, N.; Fleming-Dutra, K.; Gierke, R.; Hall, A.; Hughes, M.; Pilishyili, T. i saradnici. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 – United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020, 69, 382–386. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e2.
31. Richardson, S.; Hirsch, J.S.; Narasimhan, M.; Crawford, J.M.; Mcginn, T.; Davidson K.W. i saradnici. . Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020, 323, 2052–2059. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775.
32. Simonnet. A.; Chetboun, M.; Poissy, J.; Raverdy, V.; Noulette, J.; Duhamel, A. i saradnici. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020, 28, 1195–1199. doi: 10.1002/oby.22831.
33. Milošević, I.; Jovanović, J.; Stevanović, O. Atypical course of COVID-19 in patient with Bruton agammaglobulinemia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020, 14, 1248-1251. doi: 10.3855/jidc.13840.
34. Moore, J.L.;Ganapathiraju, P.V.; Kurtz, P.C.; Wainscoat, B. A 63-Year-Old Woman with a History of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma with Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection Who Was Seronegative and Treated with Convalescent Plasma. Am J Case Rep. 2020, 21, e927812-1–e927812-5. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.927812.
35. Wang, D.; Hu, B.; Hu, C.; Zhu, F.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J. i saradnici. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020, 323, 1061–1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
36. Gupta, N.; Zhao, Y.Y. Evans CE. The stimulation of thrombosis by hypoxia. Thromb Res. 2019, 181, 77–83. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.07.013.
37. Tang, N.; Bai, H.; Chen, X.; Gong, J.; Li, D.; Sun, Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy.J Thromb Haemost. 2020, 18, 1094-1099. doi: 10.1111/jth.14817.
38. Klok, F.A.; Kruip, J.H.A.; Meer, N.J.M.; Arbous, M.S.; Gommers, D.; Kant, K.M. i saradnici. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thrombosis Res. 2020, 191, 145–147. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
39. Zhang, L.; Feng, X.; Zhang, D.; Jiang, C.; Mei, H.; Wang, J. i saradnici. Deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: prevelance, risk factors, outcome. Circulation AHA. 2020, 142, 114–128. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046702.
40. Jia, H.; Bijol, V.; Matthew, A.; Sise, M-E.; Izzedine, H.; Jhaveri K.D. Pathophysiology and Pathology of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19.Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020, 27, 365–376. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.09.003.
41. Cevik, M.; Tate, M.; Lloyd, O. i saradnici. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding and infectiousness: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe2020; (forthcoming) doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30172-5.
42. Mahendiratta, S.; Batra, G.; Sarma, P.; Kumar, H.; Bansal, S.; Kumar, S.; Prakash, A.; Sehgal, R.; Medhi, B. Molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 in different biologic matrix, their diagnostic validity and clinical relevance: A systematic review. Life Sci. 2020, 258, 118207. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118207.
43. Woloshin, S.; Patel, N.;. Kesselheim, A.S.False Negative Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Infection — Challenges and Implications. N Engl J Med. 2020, 383:e38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2015897.
44. Wang, W.; Xu, Y.; Gao, R.; Lu, R.; Han, K.; Wu, G. i saradnici . Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020, 323, 1843–1844. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3786.
45. Krajewski, R.; Gołębiowska, J.; Makuch, S.; Mazur, G.; Agrawal, S: Update on serologic testing in COVID-19. Clin Chim Acta. 2020, 510,746–750. 2020.doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.015.
46. Guo, L.; Ren, L.; Yang, S.; Xiao, M.; Chang, D.; Yang, F.; Dela Cruz, C.S.; Wang, Y.; Wu, C.; Xiao, Y. i saradnici. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020, 71, 778–785. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa310.
47. Pilarowski, G.; Lebel, P.; Sunshine, S.; Liu, J.; Crawford, E.; Marquez, C.; Rubio, L.; Chamie, G.; Martinez, J.; Peng, J. i saradnici. Performance characteristics of a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay at a public plaza testing site in San Francisco. J Infect Dis. 2021, 223, 1139-1144. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa802.
48. Zhu, N.; Wang, W.; Liu, Z.; Liang, C.; Wang, W.; Ye, F.; Huang, B.; Zhao, L.; Wang, H.; Zhou, W. i saradnici. Morphogenesis and cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelial cells. Nat Commun. 2020, 11, 3910. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17796-z.
49. Wang, M.; Fu, A.; Hu, B.; Tong, Y.; Liu, R.; Liu, Z.; Gu, J.; Xiang, B.; Liu, J.; Jiang, W. i saradnici. Nanopore targeted sequencing for the accurate and comprehensive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. Small. 2020, 16:e2002169. doi: 10.1002/smll.202002169.
50. Huang, W.E.; Lim, B.; Hsu, C.C.; Xiong, D.; Wu, W.; Yu, Y.; Jia, H.; Wang, Y.; Zeng, Y.; Ji, M. i saradnici. RT-LAMP for rapid diagnosis of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Microb Biotechnol. 2020, 13, 950-961. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13586.
51. Falzone, L.; Gattuso, G.; Tsatsakis, A.; Spandidos, D-A.; Libra, M. Current and innovative methods for the diagnosis of COVID‑19 infection (Review).International Journalof MolecularMedicine. 2021, 47,https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4933.
52. Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y. i saradnici. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020, 395, 497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
53. Fu, L.; Wang, B.; Yuan, T.; Chen, X.; Ao, Y.; Fitzpatrick, T. i saradnici. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020, 80, 656.doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041.
54. Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z. i saradnici. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020, 395, 1054–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
55. Tang, N.; Li, D.; Wang, X.; Sun, Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020, 18, 844–847. doi: 10.1111/jth.14768.
56. Wang, D.; Hu, B.; Hu, C.; Zhu, F.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J. i saradnici . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020, 323, 1061–1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
57. Kanne, J.P.; Little, B.P.; Chung, J.H.; Elicker, B.M.; Ketai, L.H. Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: an update-radiology scientific expert panel. Radiology. 2020,296, E113-E114. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200527.
58. Shi, H.; Han, X.; Jiang, N.; Cao, Y.; Alwalid, O.;Gu, J. i saradnici. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020, 20, 425–434. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4.
59. Jacobi, A.; Chung, M.; Bernheim, A.; Eber, C. Portable chest X-ray in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Clinical Imaging. 2020, 64, 35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.04.001.
60. Izda, V.; Jeffries, M.A.; Sawalhac, A.H. COVID-19: A review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Clin Immunol. 2021, 222, 108634. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108634.
61. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=OWID_WRL
62. Ikegame, S.; Siddiquey, M.; Hung, C.T.; Haas, G.; Brambilla, L.; Oguntuyo, K.; Kowdle, S.; Vilardo, A.; Edelstein, A.; Perandones, C.; Kamil, J.; Lee, B. Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants. NIH Preprint Pilot.Preprint. 2021, doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-400230/v1.
63. Mahase, E. Covid-19: Pfizer vaccine efficacy was 52% after first dose and 95% after second dose, paper shows. BMJ.2020, 371:m4826. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4826.
64. Xia, S.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H.; Yang, Y.; Gao, G.F.; Tan, W.; Wu, G.; Xu, M.; Lou, Z. i saradnici. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2021, 21, 39–51. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30831-8.
65. Folegatti, P.M.; Ewer, K.J.; Aley, P.K.; Angus, B.; Becker, S.; Belij-Rammerstorfer, S.; Bellamy, D.; Bibi, S.; Bittaye, M.; Clutterbuck, E.A. i saradnici. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020, 396, 467–478. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4.
2. WHO. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guidance.Jan 25, 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021.
3. Yan, R.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Xia, L.; Guo, Y.; Zhou, Q. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science.2020, 367, 1444-1448. doi: 10.1126/science.abb2762.
4. Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Song, J. i saradnici. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382,727-733. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
5. Masters PS. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2006, 66,193–292. Doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3.
6. Cevik, M.; Kuppalli, K.; Kindrachuk, J.; Peiris, M. Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ. 2020, 371. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3862.
7. Shereen,MA.; Khan, S.; Kazmi, A.; Bashir, N.; Siddique, R. COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020, 24, 91–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005.
8. Cheng, A.; Zhang, W.; Xie, Y.; Jiang, W.; Arnold, E.; Sarafianos, SG. i saradnici. Expression, purification, and characterization of SARS coronavirus RNA polymerase. Virology. 2005, 335, 165–176. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.017.
9. Li, X.; Geng, M.; Peng, Y.; Meng, L.; Lu, S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020, 10, 102–108. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001.
10. Li, G.; Fan, Y.; Lai, Y.; Han, T.; Li, Z.; Zhou, P. i saradnici. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020, 92, 424–432. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25685.
11. Zhou, Y.; Fu, B.; Zheng, X.; Wang, D.; Zhao, C.; Qi, Y.; Sun, R.; Tian, Z.; Xu, X.; Wei, H. Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients. National Science Review. 2020, 7, 998–1002.https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa041.
12. Mahallawi, W.H.; Khabour, O.F.:, Zhang, Q.; Makhdoum, H.M.: Suliman, B.A. MERS-CoV infection in humans is associated with a pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile. Cytokine. 2018,104, 8–13. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.025.
13. Wong, C.K.; Lam, C.W.K.; Wu, A.K.L. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014, 136, 95–103.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x.
14. Ruan, Q.; Yang, K.; Wang, W.; Jiang, L.; Song, J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020, 46, 846–848. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x.
15. Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y. i saradnici . Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet.2020, 395,497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
16. Dienz, O.; Rincon, M. The effects of IL-6 on CD4 T cell responses. Clin. Immunol.2009, 130, 27–33. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.018.
17. Yang, R.; Masters, A.R.; Fortner, K.A.; Champagne, D.P.; Yanguas-Casas, N.; Silberger, D.J.; Weaver, C.T.; Haynes, L.; Rincon, M. IL-6 promotes the differentiation of a subset of naive CD8+ T cells into IL-21-producing B helper CD8+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 2016, 213, 2281–2291. doi:10.1084/jem.20160417.
18. Hussman, J.P. Cellular and molecular pathways of COVID-19 and potential points of therapeutic intervention.Front Pharmacol.2020, 11, 1169. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01169.
19. Varga, Z. Flammer, A.J.; Steiger, P.; Haberecker, M.; Andermatt, R. i saradnici. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020, 395, 1417-1418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5.
20. Guan, W.J.; Ni, Z.Y.; Hu, Y.; Liang, W.H.; Ou, C.Q.; He, J.X. i saradnici. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382, 1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
21. Bhatraju, P.K.; Ghassemieh, B.J.; Nichols, M.; Kim, R.; Jerome, K.R.; Nalla, A.K. i saradnici. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region - case series. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382,2012–2022. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2004500.
22. Richardson, S.; Hirsch, J.S.; Narasimhan, M.; Crawford, J.M.; Mcginn, T.; Davidson, K.W. i saradnici. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020, 323, 2052–2059. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775.
23. Giacomelli, A.; Pezzati, L.; Conti, F.; Bernacchia, D.; Siano, M.; Oreni, L. i saradnici. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020, 71, 889-890.doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330.
24. Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, L.; Wang, X.; Luo, N.; Ling, L. Clinical outcome of 55 asymptomatic cases at the time of hospital admission infected with SARS-Coronavirus-2 in Shenzhen, China. J Infect Dis. 2020, 221, 1770–1774. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa119.
25. Mizumoto, K.; Kagaya, K.; Zarebski, A.; Chowell, G. Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020, 25,2000180. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180.
26. Pelemiš M.; Stevanović, G.; Turkulov, V.; Vučinić, V.; Matijašević, J.; Milošević, B.; Milošević, I. i saradnici. Nacionalni protokol Republike Srbije za lečenje COVID-19 infekcije,Verzija 11. 2021.
27. Wu, Z.; Mcgoogan, J.M. Characteristics of important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control Prevention. JAMA. 2020, 323, 1239–1242. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
28. Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z. i saradnici. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020, 395, 1054–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
29. Goyal, P.; Choi, J.J.; Pinheiro, L.C.; Schenck, E.J.; Chen, R.; Jabri, A. i saradnici . Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382, 2372–2374. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2010419.
30. Chow, N.; Fleming-Dutra, K.; Gierke, R.; Hall, A.; Hughes, M.; Pilishyili, T. i saradnici. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 – United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020, 69, 382–386. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e2.
31. Richardson, S.; Hirsch, J.S.; Narasimhan, M.; Crawford, J.M.; Mcginn, T.; Davidson K.W. i saradnici. . Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020, 323, 2052–2059. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775.
32. Simonnet. A.; Chetboun, M.; Poissy, J.; Raverdy, V.; Noulette, J.; Duhamel, A. i saradnici. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020, 28, 1195–1199. doi: 10.1002/oby.22831.
33. Milošević, I.; Jovanović, J.; Stevanović, O. Atypical course of COVID-19 in patient with Bruton agammaglobulinemia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020, 14, 1248-1251. doi: 10.3855/jidc.13840.
34. Moore, J.L.;Ganapathiraju, P.V.; Kurtz, P.C.; Wainscoat, B. A 63-Year-Old Woman with a History of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma with Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection Who Was Seronegative and Treated with Convalescent Plasma. Am J Case Rep. 2020, 21, e927812-1–e927812-5. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.927812.
35. Wang, D.; Hu, B.; Hu, C.; Zhu, F.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J. i saradnici. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020, 323, 1061–1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
36. Gupta, N.; Zhao, Y.Y. Evans CE. The stimulation of thrombosis by hypoxia. Thromb Res. 2019, 181, 77–83. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.07.013.
37. Tang, N.; Bai, H.; Chen, X.; Gong, J.; Li, D.; Sun, Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy.J Thromb Haemost. 2020, 18, 1094-1099. doi: 10.1111/jth.14817.
38. Klok, F.A.; Kruip, J.H.A.; Meer, N.J.M.; Arbous, M.S.; Gommers, D.; Kant, K.M. i saradnici. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thrombosis Res. 2020, 191, 145–147. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
39. Zhang, L.; Feng, X.; Zhang, D.; Jiang, C.; Mei, H.; Wang, J. i saradnici. Deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: prevelance, risk factors, outcome. Circulation AHA. 2020, 142, 114–128. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046702.
40. Jia, H.; Bijol, V.; Matthew, A.; Sise, M-E.; Izzedine, H.; Jhaveri K.D. Pathophysiology and Pathology of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With COVID-19.Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020, 27, 365–376. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.09.003.
41. Cevik, M.; Tate, M.; Lloyd, O. i saradnici. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding and infectiousness: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe2020; (forthcoming) doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30172-5.
42. Mahendiratta, S.; Batra, G.; Sarma, P.; Kumar, H.; Bansal, S.; Kumar, S.; Prakash, A.; Sehgal, R.; Medhi, B. Molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 in different biologic matrix, their diagnostic validity and clinical relevance: A systematic review. Life Sci. 2020, 258, 118207. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118207.
43. Woloshin, S.; Patel, N.;. Kesselheim, A.S.False Negative Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Infection — Challenges and Implications. N Engl J Med. 2020, 383:e38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2015897.
44. Wang, W.; Xu, Y.; Gao, R.; Lu, R.; Han, K.; Wu, G. i saradnici . Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020, 323, 1843–1844. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3786.
45. Krajewski, R.; Gołębiowska, J.; Makuch, S.; Mazur, G.; Agrawal, S: Update on serologic testing in COVID-19. Clin Chim Acta. 2020, 510,746–750. 2020.doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.015.
46. Guo, L.; Ren, L.; Yang, S.; Xiao, M.; Chang, D.; Yang, F.; Dela Cruz, C.S.; Wang, Y.; Wu, C.; Xiao, Y. i saradnici. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020, 71, 778–785. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa310.
47. Pilarowski, G.; Lebel, P.; Sunshine, S.; Liu, J.; Crawford, E.; Marquez, C.; Rubio, L.; Chamie, G.; Martinez, J.; Peng, J. i saradnici. Performance characteristics of a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay at a public plaza testing site in San Francisco. J Infect Dis. 2021, 223, 1139-1144. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa802.
48. Zhu, N.; Wang, W.; Liu, Z.; Liang, C.; Wang, W.; Ye, F.; Huang, B.; Zhao, L.; Wang, H.; Zhou, W. i saradnici. Morphogenesis and cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelial cells. Nat Commun. 2020, 11, 3910. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17796-z.
49. Wang, M.; Fu, A.; Hu, B.; Tong, Y.; Liu, R.; Liu, Z.; Gu, J.; Xiang, B.; Liu, J.; Jiang, W. i saradnici. Nanopore targeted sequencing for the accurate and comprehensive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. Small. 2020, 16:e2002169. doi: 10.1002/smll.202002169.
50. Huang, W.E.; Lim, B.; Hsu, C.C.; Xiong, D.; Wu, W.; Yu, Y.; Jia, H.; Wang, Y.; Zeng, Y.; Ji, M. i saradnici. RT-LAMP for rapid diagnosis of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Microb Biotechnol. 2020, 13, 950-961. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13586.
51. Falzone, L.; Gattuso, G.; Tsatsakis, A.; Spandidos, D-A.; Libra, M. Current and innovative methods for the diagnosis of COVID‑19 infection (Review).International Journalof MolecularMedicine. 2021, 47,https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4933.
52. Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y. i saradnici. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020, 395, 497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
53. Fu, L.; Wang, B.; Yuan, T.; Chen, X.; Ao, Y.; Fitzpatrick, T. i saradnici. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020, 80, 656.doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041.
54. Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z. i saradnici. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020, 395, 1054–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
55. Tang, N.; Li, D.; Wang, X.; Sun, Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020, 18, 844–847. doi: 10.1111/jth.14768.
56. Wang, D.; Hu, B.; Hu, C.; Zhu, F.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J. i saradnici . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020, 323, 1061–1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
57. Kanne, J.P.; Little, B.P.; Chung, J.H.; Elicker, B.M.; Ketai, L.H. Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: an update-radiology scientific expert panel. Radiology. 2020,296, E113-E114. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200527.
58. Shi, H.; Han, X.; Jiang, N.; Cao, Y.; Alwalid, O.;Gu, J. i saradnici. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020, 20, 425–434. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4.
59. Jacobi, A.; Chung, M.; Bernheim, A.; Eber, C. Portable chest X-ray in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Clinical Imaging. 2020, 64, 35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.04.001.
60. Izda, V.; Jeffries, M.A.; Sawalhac, A.H. COVID-19: A review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Clin Immunol. 2021, 222, 108634. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108634.
61. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=OWID_WRL
62. Ikegame, S.; Siddiquey, M.; Hung, C.T.; Haas, G.; Brambilla, L.; Oguntuyo, K.; Kowdle, S.; Vilardo, A.; Edelstein, A.; Perandones, C.; Kamil, J.; Lee, B. Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants. NIH Preprint Pilot.Preprint. 2021, doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-400230/v1.
63. Mahase, E. Covid-19: Pfizer vaccine efficacy was 52% after first dose and 95% after second dose, paper shows. BMJ.2020, 371:m4826. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4826.
64. Xia, S.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H.; Yang, Y.; Gao, G.F.; Tan, W.; Wu, G.; Xu, M.; Lou, Z. i saradnici. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2021, 21, 39–51. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30831-8.
65. Folegatti, P.M.; Ewer, K.J.; Aley, P.K.; Angus, B.; Becker, S.; Belij-Rammerstorfer, S.; Bellamy, D.; Bibi, S.; Bittaye, M.; Clutterbuck, E.A. i saradnici. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020, 396, 467–478. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4.
Objavljeno
2021/10/06
Rubrika
Pregledni članci