EFEKTI KONTROLISANOG FIZIČKOG TRENINGA KOD BOLESNIKA SA SRČANOM INSUFICIJENCIJOM
Sažetak
Srčana insuficijencija (engl. heart failure – HF) je klinički sindrom koji se sastoji od kardijalnih simptoma (npr. nedostatak vazduha, otok potkolenica i umor), koje mogu pratiti znaci (npr. povišen jugularni venski pritisak, pukoti nad plućima i periferni edemi). Bolesnici sa HF imaju česte hospitalizacije, narušen im je kvalitet života i skraćen životni vek. Bolesnici sa HF imaju smanjen fizički radni kapacitet, koji je u velikoj meri izazvan narušenom hemodinamikom protoka krvi u aktivnoj skeletnoj muskulaturi. Bolesnicima sa HF potrebno je uraditi kardiopulmonalni test fizičkim opterećenjem, radi procene nivoa i vrsta fizičke aktivnosti koji će se nakon toga sprovoditi i neophodno je izvršiti stratifikaciju rizika. Treba početi procenom trenutnih mogućnosti i potreba pacijenta za vežbanjem i sastaviti početni program vežbanja sa određenom vrstom vežbi, njihovim intenzitetom, brojem ponavljanja i trajanjem u minutima tokom jednog dana, kao i brojem dana u kojima treba vežbati tokom nedelje. Preporučuje se vožnja bicikle (statičke ili obične) i pešačenje, što predstavlja aerobni, dinamički tip vežbanja. Aerobni tip treninga se preporučuje 3–5 puta nedeljno (30–60 minuta po treningu), a prioritet ima intervalni tip treninga. Ovaj vid treninga poboljšava snagu i izdržljivost skeletnih mišića i dovodi do povećanja mišićne mase. Kod bolesnika sa srčanom insuficijencijom i kaheksijom preporučuje se rezistentni tip treninga, koji je kombinacija izotoničkog i izometrijskog opterećenja. Ovu vrstu treninga treba sprovoditi dva puta nedeljno u trajanju 12–20 minuta. Ovaj vid treninga poboljšava snagu i izdržljivost skeletnih mišića i dovodi do povećanja mišićne mase. Fizički trening povećava mišićnu masu skeletnih mišića, promer mišićnog vlakna, snagu, izdržljivost i fizički radni kapacitet.
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