Kulturno nasleđe - pravo, identitet i dostojanstvo
Sažetak
U međunarodnom pravu ljudskih prava uspostavljenom nakon Drugog svetskog rata, kao jedno od kulturnih prava, tradicionalno najzapostavljenije od pet kategorija ljudskih prava (građanska, politička, ekonomska, socijalna i kulturna prava), figurira i pravo na učešće u kulturnom životu, a njegov segment po prirodi stvari je i pravo na pristup kulturnom nasleđu i uživanje kulturnog nasleđa. Iako je međunarodnom pravu ljudskih prava tako uspostavljen osnov za tretiranje prava na pristup kulturnom nasleđu i uživanje kulturnog nasleđa kao ljudskog prava, u međunarodnopravnim aktima koji se bave pitanjem zaštite kulturnog nasleđa dugo je preovladavao pristup kod koga su kulturna dobra štićena zbog njihove inherentne vrednosti. Tek je od nedavno, i to sa pojavom potrebe i interesovanja da se očuva kulturna raznovrsnost i da se štiti nematerijalno kulturno nasleđe, počela da se naglašava veza, pa i pravna veza, između kulturnog nasleđa i ljudskih zajednica, grupa i pojedinaca sa posebnim subjektivnim odnosom prema njemu. Tako se postepeno uspostavlja na ljudskim pravima zasnovan sistem zaštite kulturnog nasleđa i dolazi do približavanja onog segmenta međunarodnog prava koji se bavi ljudskim pravima sa onim segmentom koji se bavi kulturnim nasleđem. Da bi se neko pravo smatralo ljudskim pravom, pored volje kreatora prava da tako bude, neophodno je i postojanje određenih vrednosti koje predstavljaju osnov za to i koje bi trebalo da se štite kroz zaštitu tog ljudskog prava. Iz niza međunarodnopravnih akata proističe a u teoriji je široko rasprostranjeno shvatanje da, kada se radi o kulturnim pravima, uključujući i pravo na pristup kulturnom nasleđu i uživanje kulturnog nasleđa, takav osnov predstavljaju identitet, pre svega kulturni identitet, i ljudsko dostojanstvo. Iako je, dakle, postavljen osnov da se pravo na pristup kulturnom nasleđu i uživanje kulturnog nasleđa tretira kao ljudsko pravo, neophodno je da se razjasni i na pravnom planu razradi niz pitanja koja bi trebalo da omoguće efektivno uživanje navedenog prava. Taj zadatak je u rukama država, bilo kao učesnicima u usvajanju akata međunarodnog prava bilo kao kreatorima nacionalnog prava, pa ostaje otvoreno pitanje kakav će biti njihov stav prema daljem razvoju na ljudskim pravima zasnovanog sistema zaštite kulturnog nasleđa.
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