Tehnofeudalizam na primerima Trampove suspenzije sa Tvitera i spora Australije sa Guglom i Fejsbukom
Sažetak
Društveni mediji postaju nezaobilazan komunikacioni alat današnjice, uključujući i političku komunikaciju. Samim tim, tehnološke kompanije koje njima upravljaju imaju veliku moć. Svaka njihova intervencija u javnoj sferi može da ima dalekosežne posledice. Fokusiramo se na dva slučaja uticaja tehnoloških kompanija na medije, izborni i legislativni proces, kao osnovne činioce demokratije. Razmatramo implikacije zabrane Donaldu Trampu da koristi Tviter, kao i okršaj medijske politike Australije sa Fejsbukom i Guglom. Dolazimo do zaključka da su tehnološke kompanije u ovim slučajevima preuzele moć koja je prethodno pripadala sudskoj i legislativnoj grani vlasti, u smislu određivanja šta je govor mržnje, kao i regulaciju medija. Samim tim, ugroženi su informisanje i suverenitet država u kojima se sprovode ove intervencije. Ovi događaji ukazuju da svet ulazi u period dominacije tehnoloških kompanija, koji možemo nazvati tehnokratijom ili tehnofeudalizmom. Dalja razmatranja treba da idu u pravcu definisanja društvenih medija kao javnog dobra u kome uticaj treba da imaju društva, a ne samo tehnološke kompanije koji su vlasnici ovih komunikacionih platformi.
Reference
Althusser, L. (2009). Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. Loznica: KARPOS. [In Serbian]
BBC (2021, February 18). Social networks: Australia enacts law forcing Google and Facebook to pay for news publication. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/svet-56105726 [In Serbian]
Bensinger, G. (2021, January 7). Delete All of Trump’s Accounts. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/opinion/trump-facebook-twitter-block.html
Beta (2021, February 18). Facebook in Australia prevents news content sharing and watching. N1. https://rs.n1info.com/scitech/facebook-u-australiji-onemogucio-deljenje-i-gledanje-sadrzaja-sa-vestima/ [In Serbian]
Bodin, J. (2002). Les Six Livres de la République (selection). Zagreb: Politička kultura. [In Croatian]
Ceaser, J. W., Busch, A. E., & Pitney, J. J. (2017). Defying the odds: The 2016 elections and American politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Collins, T. U. T. (2021, May 5). Facebook Oversight Board: The members who decide “what to take down, what to leave up.” USA Today. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/tech/2021/05/05/facebook-oversight-board-members-mark-zuckerberg/4954484001/
Debord, G. (2003). The Society of the Spectacle. Beograd: Porodična biblioteka. [In Serbian]
Duguit, L. (1997). Les transfomations du droit public. Beograd: Plato. [In Serbian]
Dimitrijević, N. (2017). On the Constitution and Democracy. Reč, (87/33), 225–234. Available at https://www.fabrikaknjiga.co.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/REC-87-33-str.225.pdf [In Serbian]
Dimitrijević, N. (2019). Liberal Rights between Radical Democratic Critique and Liberalism Failure. Political perspectives: journal for political research, 9 (1), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.20901/pp.9.1.03 [In Serbian]
Enli, G. (2017). Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication 32(1), 50 https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802
Enli, S. S., & Skogerbo, E. (2013). Personalized Campaigns in Party-Centered Politics: Twitter and Facebook as arenas for political communication. Information, Communication & Society 16 (5), 757–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330
Facebook (2021, May 1). Facebook’s Policy for False Information. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/false_news
Francia, P. L. (2017). Free Media and Twitter in the 2016 Presidential Election. Social Science Computer Review, 36 (4), 440–455. doi: 10.1177/0894439317730302
Gainous, J. and Wagner, K. M. (2014). Tweeting to Power: The Social Media Revolution in American Politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the internet. Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Graham, T., Jackson, D., & Broesma, M. (2016). New platform, old habits? Candidates’ use of Twitter during the 2010 British and Dutch general election campaigns. New media and society, 18 (5), 765–783. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814546728
Haroun, A. (2021, January 28). Fox host Maria Bartiromo complained about left’s ‘censorship obsession’ on air, and said she’s lost over 100k Twitter followers. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/world/news/fox-host-mariabartiromo-complained-about-lefts-censorship-obsession-on-air-and-said-shes-lostover-100k-twitter-followers/articleshow/80494556.cms
Heldt, A. (2019). Let’s Meet Halfway: Sharing New Responsibilities in a Digital Age. Journal of Information Policy, 9, 336. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0336
Hobbes, T. (1961). Leviathan or the Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil. Beograd: Kultura. [In Serbian]
Howard, J. (2021, January 19). Twitter was right to suspend Trump. But no one should be banned forever. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/19/twitter-was-right-suspend-trump-no-one-shouldbe-banned-forever/
Ilić, D. (2021, February 18). Australia is Far Away. Peščanik. Retrieved from https://pescanik.net/daleko-je-australija/ [In Serbian]
Jevtović, Z. (2020). Power of Media in the Networked Society. Socioloski pregled, 54 (4), 1298–1310. DOI: 10.5937/socpreg54-30021
Khan, L. (2016, November 15). Trump won thanks to social media. The Hill. Retrieved from http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/technology/306175-trump-won-thanksto-social-media
Kline, J. M. (2006). MNCs and surrogate sovereignty. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 13 (1), 123–133.
Kobrin, S. J. (2009). Sovereignty@ bay: Globalization, multinational enterprise, and the international political system. The Oxford Handbook of International Business (2 ed.). 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0007
Koskenniemi, M. (2011). What use for sovereignty today? Asian Journal of International Law, 1(1), 61–70. 10.1017/S2044251310000044
Laski, H. (1934). A Grammar of Politics I. Beograd: Geca Kon. [In Serbian]
Le Miere, J. (2016, November 9). Did the media help Donald Trump win? International Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/did-media-help-donaldtrump-win-5-billion-free-advertisinggiven-president-elect-2444115
Ljunggren, D. (2021, February 19). After Australia, Canada vows to go after Facebook to pay for news. The Economic Times. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/after-australia-canada-vows-to-go-after-facebook-to-pay-fornews/articleshow/81110273.cms
Malik, K. (2021, January 17). Control Facebook and mend broken societies… If only it were that simple. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/17/control-facebook-and-mend-broken-societies-if-only-it-werethat-simple
Maritain, Jacques (1966). Man and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ouyang, Y., & Waterman, R. W. (2020). Trump, Twitter, and the American Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-44242-2
Perry, S. (2013). Political authority and political obligation. Oxford studies in philosophy of law (2), 1–74. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679829.003.0001
Philpott, D. (2011). Sovereignty. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0032
Reddy, C. S. (2012). Globalisation and the Sovereignty of the Nation-State. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 16 (4), 60–77.
Romano, A. (2021, January 21). Kicking people off social media isn’t about free speech. Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/culture/22230847/deplatforming-free-speech-controversy-trump
Rujević, N. (2021, February 23). Facebook will have to pay, but no one knows how much. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/bs/fejsbuk-%C4%87e-morati-da-plati-ali-se-nezna-koliko/a-56662170 [In Serbian]
Slobodian, Q. (2018). Globalists: The end of empire and the birth of neoliberalism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674919808
Thompson, D. F. (2014). Responsibility for Failures of Government. The American Review of Public Administration, 44 (3), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074014524013
Twitter Inc. (2021, January 8). Permanent suspension of @realDonaldTrump. Twitter Blog. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2020/suspension.html
Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & De Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connected world. Oxford University Press.
Van Drunen, M. Z. (2020), The post-editorial control era: how EU media law matches platforms’ organisational control with cooperative responsibility. Journal of Media Law, 12 (2), 166–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2020.1796067
Varis, P. (2020). Trump Tweets The Truth: Metric Populism And Media Conspiracy. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, 59 (1), 428–443. Epub May 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/01031813683411620200406
Vernon, Raymond (1971). Sovereignty at bay: The multinational spread of US enterprises. New York: Basic Books.
Yu, R. (2016, November 9). How do you use the media to win? Just ask Donald Trump. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2016/11/09/trump-presidential-victory-lesson-how-usemedia-win/93552638
Zorzi, K. (2021, February 23). Australia shows that Facebook cares about censorship only when it’s profitable. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/02/23/facebook-australia-pakistan-censorship-blasphemy/