Od zahteva za slobodne i poštene izbore do izborne reforme – dijalog vlasti i opozicije u Srbiji 2019. godine
Sažetak
Predmet ovog rada su razlozi koji su pokrenuli dijalog vlasti i opozicije o izbornim uslovima, pozicije aktera i posledice. Analiza je vršena u metodološkoj matrici standarda slobodnih i pravednih izbora definisanih aktima međunarodnih organizacija. Izborno pravo u Srbiji implementiralo je navedene standarde, ali u svim izborima, manje ili više, beleži se njihovo kršenje. Takva izborna praksa dovela je u pitanje integritet niza izbornih procesa u intervalu 2012−2017. godine. Dve runde razgovora vlasti i opozicije donele su polovične rezultate. Izmenom niza zakona unapređene su pojedine izborne procedure, ali su one ostale u senci nerešavanja krucijalnih problema. Javni servisi ostali su zatvoreni za opozicione stranke i alternativne politike, a pritisci na birače nisu otklonjeni. Umesto unapređivanja izbornih uslova izvršena je velika izborna reforma. Snižen je izborni prag sa 5 na 3%. Taj izborni inženjering vlasti nije umanjio bojkot dela opozicije, ali je doneo promene u izbornom sistemu čiji će se efekti tek osetiti u narednim izborima. Epilog dijaloga je bojkot izbora dela opozicionih stranaka, politički nereprezentativan parlament, povratak Srbije u red autoritarnih, hibridnih režima u indeksnim bazama koje mere kvalitet demokratije u svetu. Najavljeni prevremeni izbori odmah po konstituisanju nacionalnog parlamenta i novi dijalog o izbornim uslovima pokazuju da problemi sa integritetom izbora čekaju rešenje.
Reference
Bishop, S., & Hoeffler, A. (2016). Free and fair elections: A new database. Journal of Peace Research, 53(4), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343316642508
CeSID (2018). Elections for the Assembly of the City of Belgrade – Report of the Center for Free Elections and Democracy. Available at: http://www.cesid.rs/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Izve%C5%A1taj-Centra-za-slobodne-izbore-i-demokratiju_Beogradski-izbori-2018.pdf. [In Serbian]
CeSID (2020). Dialogue on improving electoral conditions: a review of results, half results and missed opportunities. Available at: http://www.cesid.rs/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Rezultati-dijaloga_analiza_februar-2020.pdf [In Serbian]
CRTA. (2018a). Belgrade elections 2018 – Second report of long-term observers. Beograd: CRTA. Available at: https://crta.rs/beogradski-izbori-2018-drugi-izvestaj-dugorocnih-posmatraca-3/. [In Serbian]
CRTA. (2018b). Presidential Elections 2017 – Report of the Citizens on Guard Observation Mission. Beograd: CRTA. Available at: https://crta.rs/zavrsni-izvestaj-o-predsednickim-izborima-2017-godine-2/. [In Serbian]
Dahl, R. A. (2000). On democracy. Zagreb: Politička kultura. [In Serbian]
Diamond, L. (2008). The spirit of democracy : the struggle to build free societies throughout the world. New York : Times Books/Henry Holt and Co.
Election Observation and Democratic Support (EODS) (2016). Compendium for International Standars for Elections (4th edition). Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. doi:10.2770/923866. Available at: http://www.eods.eu/library/Compendium-EN-N-PDF.pdf.
Elklit, O. (2000). Free and fair elections. In R. Rose (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Elections (pp.130−135). London: Macmillan.
European Commission (2019). Serbia 2019 Report. Available at: https://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/eu_dokumenta/godisnji_izvestaji_ek_o_napretku/20190529-serbia-report_SR_-_REVIDIRANO.pdf [In Serbian]
Freedom House (2019). Freedom in the World – Serbia Country Report. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/country/serbia/freedom-world/2020
Freedom House (2020). Freedom in the World – Serbia Country Report. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/country/serbia/freedom-world/2021
Goodwin-Gill, G. S. (2006). Free and Fair Elections. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (1994). Declaration on Criteria for Free and Fair Elections, (Paris, 26 March 1994). Available at: https://www.ipu.org/our-impact/strong-parliaments/setting-standards/declaration-criteria-free-and-fair-elections
Istinomer. (2020, februar 2). They passed election laws that they now say are a disaster: Minister Nebojsa Stefanovic on election conditions. (TV Pink, 3. 2. 2020.). Available at: https://www.istinomer.rs/izjava/donosili-su-izborne-zakone-za-koje-sad-kazu-da-sukatastrofa/. Accessed 10. 8. 2020. [In Serbian]
Jovanović, M. (2015). Serbia’s electoral system – whether, what and how to change? In E. Šarčević (Ed.) Electoral system reform in Serbia, (9−33). Sarajevo: Fondacija za javno pravo. [In Serbian]
Jovanović, M. (2020). Lowering the electoral threshold – motives and consequences. In: M. Jovanović & D. Milenković (eds.) Dialogue on Elections 2020, (87−104). Beograd: Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu [In Serbian]
Jovanović, M. & Matić, P. (2020). Elections for Members of Municipal and City Assemblies in Serbia 1990–2020. In M. Jovanović & D.Vučićević (Eds.). How, when and why we chose: elections in Serbia 1990–2020 years (681−719). Beograd: Institut za političke studije; JP Službeni glasnik [In Serbian]
Jovanović, M. & Vučićević, D. (2020). Elections for members of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia 1990−2020. In Jovanović, M. & Vučićević, D. (eds.). How, when and why we chose: elections in Serbia 1990–2020 years (583−647). Beograd: Institut za političke studije; JP Službeni glasnik [In Serbian]
Katz, R. S. (2005a). Democratic Principles and Judging “Free and Fair”. In M. D., Boda (ed.), Revisiting Free and Fair Elections: An international round table on election standards organized by the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva, November 2004 (17−41). Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Katz, R. S. (2005b). Why Are There So Many (or So Few) Electoral Reforms?. In M. Gallagher & P. Mitchell (Eds), The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kovačević, E. (2019, September 25). Alliance for Serbia is asking for nine months from the agreement to the elections, Vučić says – There will be no delays. Available at: http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a528996/SzS-trazi-devet-meseci-od-dogovora-do-izbora-Vucickaze-nema-odlaganja.html. [In Serbian] Accessed 17.05.2020
Lijphart, A. (1994). Electoral Sytems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945‒1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leyenaar, M. & Hazan, R. Y. (2011). Reconceptualising Electoral Reform. West European Politics, 34(3), 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2011.555974
Minić, Z. & Nenadić, N. (2017). Functional campaign as a form of misuse of public resources: a description of the problem and possible solutions: 2012‒2017. Beograd: Transparentnost Srbija. Available at : http://www.transparentnost.org.rs/images/dokumenti_uz_vesti/funkcionerskakampanja-policy-paper-final.pdf. [In Serbian]
Norris, P. (2018). Electoral Systems and Electoral Integrity. In E. S. Herron, R. Pekkanen & M. S. Shugart (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems (494). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Norris, P., & Grömping, M. (2019). Electoral Integrity Worldwide. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58533f31bebafbe99c85dc9b/t/604785d34098312195a143ee/1615300055051/Electoral+Integrity+Worldwide.pdf
OEBS/ODIHR (2012). Parliamentary and early presidential elections on 6 and 20 May 2012: Final report. Available at: https://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/extfile/sr/683/2012%20OSCE%20parlamentarni%20i%20predsednicki.pdf [In Serbian]
OEBS/ODIHR (2014). Early parliamentary elections 16 March 2014: final report. Available at: https://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/extfile/sr/680/2014%20OSCE%20parlamentarni%20.pdf. [In Serbian]
OEBS/ODIHR (2016). Early parliamentary elections April 24, 2016. Final report. Available at: https://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/extfile/sr/677/Izvestaj%20OEBS%20izbori%202016%20.pdf [In Serbian]
OEBS/ODIHR (2017). Presidential Election, 2 April 2017: Election Assessment Report. Available at: https://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/extfile/sr/674/Izvestaj%20OEBS%20SRB%20Presidential%202017-final%20report.pdf. [In Serbian]
OEBS/ODIHR (2020). Serbia, Parliamentary Elections, 21 June 2020: ODIHR Special Election Assessment Mission Final Report. Available at: https://www.rik.parlament.gov.rs/extfile/sr/10478/Izvestaj%20ODIHR%20o%20izborima%202020..pdf [In Serbian]
Orlović, S. (2020, februar 20). A 35 percent bonus for national minority parties is an unconstitutional and dangerous experiment. Nova srpska politička misao. Available at: http://www.nspm.rs/komentar-dana/bonus-od-35-odsto-za-stranke-nacionalnih-manjina-neustavan-i-opasan-eksperiment.html. Accessed 17. 5. 2020. [In Serbian]
Pajvančić, M. (2020). Legal framework of elections in Serbia. In M. Jovanović & D. Vučićević (Eds.). How, when and why we chose: elections in Serbia 1990–2020 years, (15−53). Beograd : Institut za političke studije; JP Službeni glasnik [In Serbian]
Renwick, A. (2018). Electoral System Change. In E. S. Herron, R. Pekkanen & M. S. Shugart (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems (113–135). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Savez za Srbiju (2019a). Agreement with the people. Available at: https://dveri.rs/vesti/saopstenja/predlog-sporazuma-sa-narodom/. Accessed 27. 4. 2021. [In Serbian]
Schedler, A. ( 2002). Elections Without Democracy – The Menu of Manipulation. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 36−50. doi: 10.1353/jod.2002.0031. Available at: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17201
Stručni tim protesta „1 od 5 miliona“. (2019). Election and media annex: requirements and recommendations. Available at: https://insajder.net/sr/sajt/vazno/14655/ Accessed 27. 4. 2021. [In Serbian]
Tuccinardi, D. (ed.) (2014). International Obligations for Elections: Guidelines for Legal Frameworks. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Available at: https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/international-obligations-for-elections.pdf
Vlada Republike Srbije (2020). Analysis of Freedom House’s report Nations in Transit 2020: rejecting claims of democratic decline in Serbia. Available at: https://media.srbija.gov.rs/medsrp/dokumenti/analiza-izvestaja-fri130520.pdf [In Serbian]
Vučićević, D. (2010). Democratization through elections – electoral authoritarianism in Serbia. Politička revija, 26(4), 1−28. https://doi.org/10.22182/pr.2642010.1 [In Serbian]