Memory laws in vulnerable societies

  • Mihajlo A. Vučić Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade (Serbia)
Keywords: memory laws, conflict, civil war, crimes, history

Abstract


The paper explores the connection between memory laws and the historical interpretation of conflict in certain societies. The author uses the analytical concept of vulnerable society to define the research subject. Vulnerable societies have experienced conflicts in the past, but they cannot reach a consensus on the nature, causes, and consequences of the conflict. The research is based on the analysis of memory laws in several types of vulnerable societies. The Holocaust is used as a reference point, a crime that transcends the national historical interpretations due to its universal symbolic nature. The case studies are divided into three parts: French colonial and revolutionary past, memory wars in Eastern Europe, and a comparative overview of societies that experienced civil wars. The analysis of the case studies leads to the conclusion that memory laws in vulnerable societies act as a catalyst of conflicts, instead of fulfilling their primary purpose of social stabilization.

References

Abu-Sitta, S. H. (2004). Atlas of Palestine 1948. London: Palestine Land Society.
Adjemian, B. (2012). Le débat inachevé des historiens français sur les «lois mémorielles» et la pénalisation du négationnisme: retour sur une décennie de controverse. Revue arménienne des questions contemporaines, Vol. 15, 9-34. https://doi.org/10.4000/eac.416
Amal
, J., Bsoul, S. (2017). The Palestinian Nakba in the Israeli Public Sphere: Formations of Denial and Responsibility. Nazareth: Institute for Palestine Studies.
Arnaut-Haseljić, M. (2019). Genocide in Srebrenica: a Joint Criminal Undertaking. Monumenta Srebrenica vol. 8, 35-52
Bachmann, K. et al. (2020). The Puzzle of Punitive Memory Laws: New Insights into the Origins and Scope of Punitive Memory Laws. East European Politics and Societies and Cultures, vol. XX (10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325420941093
BBC
News. (2018, February 7). Poland Holocaust Law: France criticizes ‘ill advised’ text. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42965904#:~:text=France%20has%20joined%20the%20US,signed%20the%20law%20on%20Tuesday.
Belavusau
, U, Gliszczyńska-Grabias, A, Malksoo, M. (2021). Memory Laws and Memory Wars in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Jahrbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart vol. 69, 95-116. https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-160767-7
Belavusau
, U, Gliszczyńska-Grabias, A. (2017). Introduction: Memory Laws: Mapping a new Subject in Comparative Law and Transitional Justice. In: U. Belavusau, A. Gliszczyńska-Grabias (eds.) Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History (13-24). London: Cambridge University Press.
Belavusau, U. (2015). Memory Laws and Freedom of Speech: Governance of History in European Law. In: András Koltay (ed.), Comparative Perspectives on the Fundamental Freedom of Expression (537-558). Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.
Bell, D.A. (2019). The French Revolution, the Vendée, and Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research vol. 22(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2019.1655953
Boyd
, C. P. (2008). The Politics of History and Memory in Democratic Spain. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science vol. 617, 133–148.
Cherviatsova, A. (2020a). On the Frontline of European Memory Wars: Memory Laws and Policy in Ukraine. European Papers vol. 5(1), 119-136.
Cherviatsova, A. (2020b). Memory as a battlefield: European memorial laws and freedom of speech. The International Journal of Human Rights, 1-20. DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2020.1791826
Davies, N. (2005). God’s Playground: A History of Poland. New York: Columbia University Press.
Edele, M. (2017). Fighting Russia’s History Wars: Vladimir Putin and the Codification of World War II. History and Memory vol. 29(2), 90-124.
Errera, R. (2007). Old and New Laws on Historical Injustices and Genocide: Memory, History and the Law in Contemporary France. Lecture at the Stanford University, May 24, 2007. Available at: http://www.rogererrera.fr/publications/textes/16.pdf
Fahrner
, A. (2020). Back to the Roots – the Obligation(s) to Punish Negationism in Germany. In: Patrycja Grzebyk (ed.). Responsibility for negation of international crimes (179-194). Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
Fraser, D. (2011). Law’s Holocaust Denial. State, Memory, Legality. In: L. Hennebel, T. Hochmann (eds.) Genocide Denials and the Law (3-48). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fronza, E. (2018). Memory and Punishment. Historical Denialism, Free Speech and the Limits of Criminal Law. The Hague: T.M.C Asser Press/Springer.
Genocide Watch. (2021). The Ten Stages of Genocide. Available at: http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/8-stages-of-genocide/
Grzebyk
, Patrycja. 2020. Introduction. In: Patrycja Grzebyk (ed.). Responsibility for negation of international crimes (13-18). Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
Gutman, Y, Tirosh, N. (2021). Balancing Atrocities and Forced Forgetting: Memory Laws as a Means of Social Control in Israel. Law & Social Inquiry vol. 46 (3), 705–730.
Gutman, Y. (2017). Memory Activism: Reimagining the Past for the Future in Israel-Palestine. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Gutman, Y. (2016). Memory Laws: An Escalation in Minority Exclusion or a Testimony to the Limits of State Power? Law & Society Review vol. 50 (3), 575–607.
Hepworth, A. (2014). Site of Memory and Dismemory: the Valley of the Fallen in Spain. Journal of Genocide Research vol. 16(4), 463-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.975948
Humphrey
, M. (2014). Law, Memory and Amnesty in Spain. Macquarie Law Journal vol. 13, 25-40.
Israel. (2018, February 1). The Israeli Ministry of the Foreign Affairs Statement on Polish Senate decision. Available at: mfa.gov.il.
Jansen, Y. (2016). Denying Genocide or Denying Free Speech? A Case Study of the Application of Rwanda’s Genocide Denial Laws. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, Vol. 12(4), 191–213.
Jaraczewski, J. (2018, July 23). Fast Random-Access Memory (Laws) – The June 2018 Amendments to the Polish “Holocaust Law”. Verfassungsblog. Available at: https://verfassungsblog.de/fast-random-access-memory-laws-the-june-2018-amendmentsto-the-polish-holocaust-law/
Joes
, A. J. (2007). Insurgency and Genocide: La Vendée. Small Wars & Insurgencies vol. 9(3), 17-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592319808423219
Jones
, A. (2006). Why gendercide? Why root-and-branch? A comparison of the Vendée uprising of 1793–94 and the Bosnian war of the 1990s. Journal of Genocide Research vol. 8(1), 9-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520600552835
Kahn
, R. (2019). Free Speech, Official History and Nationalist Politics: Toward a Typology of Objections to Memory Laws. Florida Journal of International Law vol. 31(1), 1-21.
Kaminski, I. C. (2020). Debates over History and the European Convention on Human Rights. In: Patrycja Grzebyk (ed.). Responsibility for negation of international crimes (69-84). Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
Kelley, T. A. (2017). Maintaining Power by Manipulating Memory in Rwanda. Fordham International Law Journal vol. 41, 79-134.
Klymenko, L. (2017). Cutting the Umbilical Cord: the Narrative of the National Past and Future in Ukrainian De-communization policy. In: U. Belavusau, A. GliszczyńskaGrabias (eds.) Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History (310-328). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Koposov, N. (2020). Historians, Memory Laws, and the Politics of the Past. European Papers vol. 5(1), 107-117.
Koposov, N. (2017). Defending Stalinism by Means of Criminal Law: Russia, 1995-2014, In: U. Belavusau, A. Gliszczyńska-Grabias (eds.) Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History (293-309). London: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316986172.015
Korostelina
, K. V. (2013). Mapping National Identity Narratives in Ukraine. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity vol. 41(2), 293-315.
Labanyi, J. (2008). The Politics of Memory in Contemporary Spain, Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies vol. 9(2), 119-125. DOI: 10.1080/14636200802283621
Loyle, C. E. (2018). Transitional Justice and Political Order in Rwanda. Ethnic and Racial Studies vol. 41(4), 663-680. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1366537
Löytömäki
, S. (2018). French Memory Laws and the Ambivalence about the Meaning of Colonialism. In: B. Bevernage, N. Wouters (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History after 1945 (87-100). London: Palgrave MacMillan. DOI:10.1057/978-1-349-95306-6_4
Löytömäki, S. (2012). Law and Memory: The Politics of Victimhood. Griffith Law Review vol. 21(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2012.10854730
Maksimović
, D. (2021, July 31. Republika Srpska Rejects Inzko’s Law. Deutsche Welle. Available at: https://www.dw.com/sr/republika-srpska-odbacila-inckov-zakon/a-58713470 [In Serbian]
Mälksoo, M. (2017). Kononov v. Latvia as an Ontological Security Struggle over Remembering the Second World War. In: U. Belavusau, A. Gliszczyńska-Grabias (eds.) Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History (91–108). London: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316986172.005
Mälksoo
, M. (2015). Memory Must be Defended: Beyond the Politics of Mnemonical Security. Security Dialogue vol. 6(3), 221-237.
Marples, D. R. (2017). Ukraine in Conflict: An Analytical Chronicle. E-International Relations Publishing. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/publication/ukraine-in-conflict-an-analytical-chronicle/
Myshlovska
, O. (2019). Delegitimizing the Communist Past and Building a New Sense of Community: the Politics of Transitional Justice and Memory in Ukraine. International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity vol. 7(1), 372-405.
Nešković, R. (2013). Incomplete State: the Political System of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo: Fondacija Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung [In Serbian]
Noack, R. (2018, February 2). Poland’s Senate passes Holocaust Complicity Bill despite Concerns from U.S., Israel. The Washington Post, Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/01/polands-senate-passes-holocaust-complicity-bill-despite-concerns-from-u-s-israel/
Petrović
, D. (2008). Geopolitics of Post-Soviet Space. Beograd: Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu. [In Serbian]
Plokhy S. (2014). Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Radio Poland. (2016, July 22). Polish MPs adopt resolution calling 1940s massacre genocide. Available at: http://archiwum.Thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/263005,Polish-MPs-adoptresolution-calling-1940s-massacre-genocide
Ravitch
, D. (2004). The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn. New York: Vintage.
Rousso, H. (2017). French Memory Laws. For a Better Past. Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02568235
Seicher
, R. (1986). Le génocide franco-français: La Vendée-Vengé. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Sierp, A. (2014). History, Memory, and Trans-European Identity: Unifying Divisions. London: Routledge.
Smailagić, N. (2020). Negationism and Atrocity Crimes Committed in the Former Yugoslavia: Criminal Law and Transitional Justice Considerations. In: Patrycja Grzebyk (ed.). Responsibility for negation of international crimes (225-248). Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
Soroka, G, Krawatzek, F. (2019). Nationalism, Democracy and Memory Laws. Journal of Democracy vol. 30(2), 157-171.
Stojanović, D. (2017). Memory Laws: The Continuation of Yugoslav Wars by Other Means. Paper presented at the conference: Memory laws. Criminalizing historical narratives. New York: University of Columbia, copy in the possession of the author.
Torbakov, I. (2011). History, Memory and National Identity: Understanding the Politics of History and Memory Wars in Post-Soviet Lands. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization vol. 19(3), 209-232.
Tourkochoriti, I. (2017). Challenging Historical Facts and National Truths: An Analysis of Cases from France and Greece. In: U. Belavusau, A. Gliszczyńska-Grabias (eds.) Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History (151-174). London: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316986172.008
Tsesis
, A. (2020). Genocide Censorship and Genocide Denial. In: Patrycja Grzebyk (ed.). Responsibility for negation of international crimes (107-122). Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
Vučić, M. (2021). When law enters history: prohibition of crime negationism and its limits in international law. Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade vol. 69(4), 845-874. https://doi.org/10.51204/Anali_PFBU_21407A
Zannier
, L. (2018). Preventing Crises and Conflicts through Promotion of Integration of Diverse Societies. Personal Reflections of the High Commissioners, Office for the High Commissioner on National Minorities, The Hague.

Published
2022/04/14
Section
Original scientific paper