Vantelesna oplodnja sa nepoznatim donorom – dileme sa aspekta bioetike i prava deteta da zna svoje poreklo

  • Ana V. Čović Institut za uporedno pravo, Beograd (Srbija)
  • Bogdana M. Stjepanović Institut za uporedno pravo, Beograd (Srbija)
Ključne reči: vantelesna oplodnja, nepoznati donor, bioetika, prava deteta, pravo na saznanje porekla, genetički inženjering, Zakon o biomedicinski potpomognutoj oplodnji

Sažetak


Poslednjih decenija svedoci smo značajnih promena u oblasti porodičnog prava i izmenjene društvene realnosti koja je sa sobom donela izmene zakonske regulative u međunarodnom pravu i uporednim zakonodavstvima država. Kada govorimo o pitanjima koja se tiču ljudskog života, smrti, zdravlja, i u okviru toga zloupotrebe pojedinih medicinskih sredstava i tretmana, pitanja koja, čini nam se, izazivaju najviše kontroverzi jesu pitanje eutanazije i abortusa, pitanje donacije organa, kao i pitanja surogat majčinstva i vantelesne oplodnje, naročito u situaciji kada je donor nepoznat. U ovoj situaciji opravdano se postavlja pitanje prava deteta na saznanje svog porekla, budući da je ovo jedno od njegovih osnovnih, zagarantovanih prava, čije ostvarenje ne zavisi, i nikada ne može zavisiti, od volje države, odnosno njenih organa i pojedinaca koji učestvuju u postupku dobijanja deteta putem reproduktivnih tehnologija. Postavlja se pitanje da li se pravo na planiranje porodice i pravo na slobodno odlučivanje o rađanju u ovim situacijama nalaze u potpunoj suprotnosti sa pravom deteta da ima pristup istini o poreklu i biološkim roditeljima, nezavisno od motiva kojima su se oni prevashodno rukovodili prilikom donošenja odluke o učestvovanju u ovom postupku koji vremenom dobija i elemente genetičkog inženjeringa, a čiji je plod živo biće sa svešću, emotivnim, društvenim i psihološkim potrebama, ali i pravima koja proizilaze iz prirodnog prava, od Boga datog, koje postoji nezavisno od zakonodavca, koji svaku materiju može regulisati na način koji u određenom momentu (ne) odgovara širem društvenom konsenzusu. Autorke će u radu dati pregled pojedinih uporednopravnih rešenja u ovoj oblasti, ali i sudskih presuda koje dovode u pitanje zakonitost i etičnost dosadašnjih sprovedenih procedura, kao i posledice istih sa kojima ćemo se suočiti u godinama pred nama, sa ciljem da se utvrdi da li su pravo na slobodno odlučivanje o rađanju u ovim slučajevima i pravo deteta na saznanje svog porekla u potpunoj koliziji ili je ova dva prava, ipak, moguće usaglasiti.

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