Differentiation of the Hungarian food festival offer according to the thematic, spatial and temporal characteristics before the COVID-19 pandemic
Keywords:
food festival, food tourism, K-mean cluster, One-way ANOVA
Abstract
In our study, we analysed the pre-pandemic Hungarian gastro festival offer based on their topic, spatial and temporal characteristics, using media content analysis and advanced statistical methods. Based on the results, the Hungarian gastro festivals can be divided into several categories according to their theme and the emphasis of their theme. The examined festivals were mainly held in rural areas, most of them did not perform tourist functions, they can be defined as local, community events. According to the time characteristics, Hungarian festivals typically last for 1-2 days or are organized for 1-2 years. They are held primarily during the main tourist season, but some festival themes are also off-season. Based on our results, there is a correlation and difference between the theme, spatial features and temporality. The theme also influences the schedule, length and age of the festivals, while some themes can be linked to a city or countryside, and some themes are more relevant to tourism. Festivals are time-varying phenomena in terms of both number and territorial significance.
References
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Butler, R. W. 1980. The concept of the tourist area life-cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer 24(1), 5–12.
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Kalkstein-Silkes, C., Cai, L., Lehto, X. Y. A. 2008. Conceptualizing festival-based culinary tourism in rural destinations In: Hall, C. M., Sharples, L. (2008). Food and wine festivals and events around the world: Development, management and markets Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 65-77.
Krajíčková, A., Šauer, M. 2018. Differences in motivation of food festivals visitors: A view from the Czech Republic. Geographica Pannonica 22(3), 189-200.
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Quan, S., Wang, N. 2004. Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: An illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism management 25(3), 297-305.
Quinn, B., Wilks, L. 2017. Festival heterotopias: Spatial and temporal transformations in two small-scale settlements. Journal of Rural Studies 53, 35-44.
Rotherham I. D. 2008: From haggis to high table: A selective history of festival and feast as mirrors of British landscape and culture. In: Hall, C. M., Sharples, L. Food and wine festivals and events around the world: Development, management and markets. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 47-62.
Sharpley, R., Stone, P. R. 2012. Socio-cultural impacts of events. In: Page, S. J., Connell, J. (Ed). The Routledge Handbook of Events. Routledge, 351-366.
Smith, M. 2009. Fesztiválok és turizmus: lehetőségek és konfliktusok. [Festivals and tourism: opportunities and conflicts] Turizmus Bulletin 13(3), 23-27.
Smith, S., Costello, C. 2009. Culinary tourism: Satisfaction with a culinary event utilizing importance-performance grid analysis. Journal of Vacation Marketing 15(2), 99-110.
Süli, D., Martyin-Csamagó, Z. 2020. The impact of social media in travel decision-making process among the Y and Z generations of music festivals in Serbia and Hungary. Turizam: International Scientific Journal 24(2), 79-90.
Tóth, B., Vida, Gy., Lados, G., Kovács, Z. 2020. The potentials of cross-border tourism development in the Lower-Tisa Valley. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 28(1), pp. 360-375.
Várhelyi, T. 2016. A fesztiválturizmus szinergiái. [Synergies of festival tourism] In: Jászberényi, M., Zátori, A. & Ásványi, K. (Ed-) Fesztiválturizmus [Festival Tourism]. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 44-55
Vukic, M., Kuzmanovic, M., Vukic, K. 2016. Gastronomic festivals as a form of branding Serbia as a tourist destination. In Proceedings of the XV International Symposium SYMORG pp. 913-919.
Ásványi, K., Jászberényi, M. 2017. The Role of Rural Cities’ Festivals in the Development of Regions. Deturope 9(3), 177-187.
Benedek, M., Stark, J. 2009. Fesztiválvilág. [Festival word] Turizmus Bulletin 13(3), 35-45.
Besermenji, S., Pivac, T., Wallranbestein, K. 2009. Significance of the Authentic Ambience of the Petrovaradin Fortress on the Attractiveness of Exit Festival. Geographica Pannonica 13(2), 66-74.
Bessière, J. 1998. Local development and heritage: traditional food and cuisine as tourist attractions in rural areas. Sociologia ruralis 38(1), 21-34.
Bogataj, J. 2019. Gastronomic tourism: an opportunity to discover the diversity of local and regional cultures. In: Dixit, S. K. (Ed.) The Routledge handbook of gastronomic tourism Routledge, London, 55-61.
Bottyán, I. 2015. The Impact of Domestic Gastronomic Festivals on the Local Accomodations. Deturope 7(2), 188-205.
Büyükşalvarci, A., Akkaya, R. A. A. 2018. The evaluation of gastronomy festivals as events tourism. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6(67), 452-467.
Butler, R. W. 1980. The concept of the tourist area life-cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer 24(1), 5–12.
Dixit, S. K. 2019. Gastronomic tourism: A theoretical construct. In: Dixit, S. K. (Ed.) The Routledge handbook of gastronomic tourism. Routledge, London, 13-23.
Duffy, M., Mair, J. 2014. Festivals and sense of community in places of transition: the Yakkerboo Festival, an Australian case study In: Jepson, A., Clarke, A. (Ed.) Exploring community festivals and events. Routledge, London, 54-65.
Dwyer, L., Jago, L. 2019. Valuing the impacts of festivals. In: Mair, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Festivals. Routledge, London, 41-52.
Falassi, A. 1987. Festival: Definition and morphology. Time out of Time: Essays on the Festival, 1.
Getz, D. 2008. Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism management 29(3), 403-428.
Getz, D. 2010. The nature and scope of festival studies. International Journal of Event Management Research 5(1), 1-47.
Getz, D. 2012. Event studies. In: Page, S. J., Connell, J. (Ed). The Routledge Handbook of Events. Routledge, 42-61.
Gilard, J. 2020. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In: Gilard, J. (Ed.) A First Course in Statistical Inference. Springer, Cham, 91-101
Hall, C. M., Sharples, L. 2008. Food events and the local food system: Marketing, management and planning issues. In: Hall, C. M., Sharples, L. Food and wine festivals and events around the world: Development, management and markets. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 23-46.
Hanan, H., Karim, S. Ab. 2015. Influence of Social Media in Food Festival Destination Image. International Conference on Tourism and Ethnicity in ASEAN and Beyond 2015, (458-467), Chiang Mai, Thailand
Inkei, P. 2010 (Ed.): A magyarországi fesztiválok minősítési rendszere. [Qualification system of festivals in Hungary] Magyar Fesztivál Regisztrációs és Minősítési Program, Budapest.
Kalkstein-Silkes, C., Cai, L., Lehto, X. Y. A. 2008. Conceptualizing festival-based culinary tourism in rural destinations In: Hall, C. M., Sharples, L. (2008). Food and wine festivals and events around the world: Development, management and markets Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 65-77.
Krajíčková, A., Šauer, M. 2018. Differences in motivation of food festivals visitors: A view from the Czech Republic. Geographica Pannonica 22(3), 189-200.
Landau, S., Everitt, B. S. 2003. A handbook of statistical analyses using SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Lee, I., Arcodia, C. 2011. The role of regional food festivals for destination branding. International Journal of Tourism Research 13(4), 355-367.
Lyons, H. 2008. Food festival research methods and approaches. In: Hall, C. M., Sharples, L. Food and wine festivals and events around the world: Development, management and markets. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 311-330.
Mair, J. 2019. Introduction. In: Mair, J. (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Festivals. Routledge, London, 3-11-
Mandabach, K., Chuanbiao, W. 2019. Gastronimic festivals and events: Future scenarios. In: Dixit, S. K. (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of gastronomic tourism. Routledge, London, 491-198
Presenza, A., Iocca, S. 2012. The weight of stakeholders on festival management. The case of music festivals in Italy. PASOS Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 10(2), 25-35.
Pusztai, B. 2020. A rurális fesztiválszcéna a közösségi fesztiválok és a tervezett események keresztútján. [The rural festival scene is at the crossroads of community festivals and planned events] In: Dobák J., R. Nagy J. (Ed.) ePub Domendo Discimus. Miskolci Egyetem BTK Kulturális és Vizuális Antropológiai Tanszék, Miskolc, 323-332.
Quan, S., Wang, N. 2004. Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: An illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism management 25(3), 297-305.
Quinn, B., Wilks, L. 2017. Festival heterotopias: Spatial and temporal transformations in two small-scale settlements. Journal of Rural Studies 53, 35-44.
Rotherham I. D. 2008: From haggis to high table: A selective history of festival and feast as mirrors of British landscape and culture. In: Hall, C. M., Sharples, L. Food and wine festivals and events around the world: Development, management and markets. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 47-62.
Sharpley, R., Stone, P. R. 2012. Socio-cultural impacts of events. In: Page, S. J., Connell, J. (Ed). The Routledge Handbook of Events. Routledge, 351-366.
Smith, M. 2009. Fesztiválok és turizmus: lehetőségek és konfliktusok. [Festivals and tourism: opportunities and conflicts] Turizmus Bulletin 13(3), 23-27.
Smith, S., Costello, C. 2009. Culinary tourism: Satisfaction with a culinary event utilizing importance-performance grid analysis. Journal of Vacation Marketing 15(2), 99-110.
Süli, D., Martyin-Csamagó, Z. 2020. The impact of social media in travel decision-making process among the Y and Z generations of music festivals in Serbia and Hungary. Turizam: International Scientific Journal 24(2), 79-90.
Tóth, B., Vida, Gy., Lados, G., Kovács, Z. 2020. The potentials of cross-border tourism development in the Lower-Tisa Valley. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 28(1), pp. 360-375.
Várhelyi, T. 2016. A fesztiválturizmus szinergiái. [Synergies of festival tourism] In: Jászberényi, M., Zátori, A. & Ásványi, K. (Ed-) Fesztiválturizmus [Festival Tourism]. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 44-55
Vukic, M., Kuzmanovic, M., Vukic, K. 2016. Gastronomic festivals as a form of branding Serbia as a tourist destination. In Proceedings of the XV International Symposium SYMORG pp. 913-919.