The effects of experimentally irradiated pituitary gland on the growth of rats’ tibia, skull, maxilla and mandible
Abstract
Background/Aim. The reaction of an organism to radiation depends on the level of irradiation and the sensitivity of the affected tissue cells. The biological effects on the cells and tissues are proportional to the absorbed radiation energy. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of hypofunction of the pituitary gland, previously irradiated with x-rays, on the growth of rat’s craniofacial and stomatognathic system as well as rat’s tibia. Methods. A total dose of x-rays of 27.92 Gy was applied in eight sessions in the period from 8 to 63 days of animal age on their heads and the effects of irradiation-induced hypofunction of the pituitary gland on the growth of rat’s craniofacial and stomatognathic system and tibia were examined. In order to differentiate the effects of the irradiated pituitary gland from the direct effects of x-rays on the head, the experiment was set as a double study. One group of animals had the pituitary gland protected with a lead plate set beneath the projection of the gland, while the second group was irradiated with the same dose, but without the protection. The control group of animals were non-irradiated. Results. Growth measurements of numerous parameters of the craniofacial and stomatognathic system as well as tibia in rats with the entire locally irradiated head showed a statistically significant delay, compared to both the non-irradiated control group and the group with the protected pituitary gland. Conclusion. The damage of the stomatognathic and craniofacial system was greater in animals with irradiated head without pituitary gland protection compared to those with the gland protection whereby the growth of the craniofacial system was most affected. Irraduition-induced pituitary gland hypofunction and irradiation itself showed a stronger effect on the lower jaw growth rate impairment compared to the upper jaw. Similarly, the delay in tibia growth was more pronounced in animals without pituitary gland protection during irradiation of their heads compared to non-protected ones.
References
Tribondeau L, Reaminer AC. Reunion biologique de Bordeaux. 1905; 58: 1031. (French)
Darzy KH, Pezzoli SS, Thomer MO, Shalet SM. Cranial irradia-tion and growth hormone neurosecretory dysfunction: a criti-cal appraisal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92(5): 1666−72.
Hochberg Z, Kuten A, Hertz P, Tatcher M, Kedar A, Benderly A. The effects of single-dose radiation on cell survival and growth hormone secretion by rat anterior pituitary cells. Radi-at Res 1983; 94(3): 508−12.
Darzy KH. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism. Cur Opin En-docrinol Diabetes Obes 2013; 20(4): 342−53.
Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML. Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumors in adults. Q J Med 1989; 70: 145–160.
Fernandez A, Brada M, Zabuline L, Karavitaki N Wass JA. Ra-diation-induced hypopituitarism. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16(3): 733−72.
Bhandare N, Kennedy L, Malyapa RS, Morris CG, Mendenhall WM. Hypopituitarism after radiotherapy for extracranial head and neck cancers in pediatric patients. Am J Clin Oncol 2008; 31(6): 567−72.
Katz JR, Bareille P, Levitt G, Stanhope R. Growth hormone and segmental growth in survivors of head and neck embryo-nalrhabdomyosarcoma. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84: 436−9.
Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Hypopituitarism after cranial irradia-tion. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28(5 Suppl): 78−87.
Denys D, Kaste SC, Kun LE, Chaudhary MA, Bowman LC, Rob-bins KT. The effects of radiation on craniofacial skeletal growth: a quantitative study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1998; 45(1): 7−13.
Karsila-Tenovuo S, Jahnukainen K, Peltomaki T, Minn H Kulmala J, Salmi TT, et al. Disturbances in craniofacial morphology in children treated for solid tumors. Oral Oncol 2001; 37(7): 686−92.
Gevorgyan A, La Scala GC, Sukhu B, Leung IT, Ashafpour H, Yeung I, et al. An in vitro model of radiation-induced cranio-facial bone growth inhibition. J Craniofac Surg 2007; 18(5): 1044−50.
Nwoku AL, Koch H. Effect of radiation injury on the growing face. J Maxillofac Surg 1975; 3(1): 28−34.
Jaffe N, Toth BB, Hoar RE, Ried HL, Sullivan MP, McNeese MD. Dental and maxillofacial abnormalites in long-term sur-vivors of childhood cancer: effects of treatment with chemo-therapy and radiation to the head and neck. Pediatrics 1984; 73(6): 816−23.
Hoyte DA. Mechanisms of growth in the cranial vault an base. J Dent Res 1971; 50(6): 1447−61.
Karadžov O. Study of rat's jaws growth. Serb Dent J 1976; Nov-Dec; 23(5): 303–7. (Serbian)
Duterloo HS, Vilmann H. Translative and transformative growth of the rat mandible. ActaOdontolScand 1978; 36(1): 25−32.
Haralabakis HN, Dagalakis EG. Effect of prednisolone and human growth hormone on growth of cranial bones and crani-al base synchondroses in rats. Europ J Orthod 1980; 2(4): 239−48.
Jakovljević A, Sedlecki S, Pap K. Growth of Wistar rats jaws fol-lowing single dose of vincristine. Serb Dent J 1991; 37(5): 459−67. (Serbian)
Losken A, Mooney MP, Siegel MI. A comparative study of man-dibular growth patterns in seven animal models. J Oral Maxil-lofacSurg 1992; 50(5): 490−5.
Greclen Cesur M, Cesur G, Ogrenim M, Alkan A. Do prenatal and postnatal hypothyreodism affect the craniofacial struc-ture? An experimental study. Angle Orthod 2016; 86(6): 983−90.
Hebel R, Stromberg MV. Anatomy of the laboratory rat. Balti-more: The Williams & Wilkins Co; 1976.
Farris EJ, Griffith JA. The rat in laboratory investigation. 6th ed. New York: Hafner Publishing Company; 1967.
Engstrom H. Effects of irradiation on growing bones. Swed Dent J Suppl 1987; 45: 1−47.
Alheit H, Baumann M, Thames HD, Geyer P, Kumpf R, Herrmann T. Fractionation effects on radiation-induced growth retarda-tion of tibia in rabbits and rats. Acta Oncol 1998; 37(2): 151−8.
Spadaro JA, Baesl MT, Conta AC, Margulies BM, Damron TA. Effects of irradiation on the appositional and longitudinal growth of the tibia and fibula of the rat with and without ra-dioprotectant. J Pediatr Orthop 2003; 23(1): 35−40.
Rottensteiner-Brandl U, Distel L, Stupf M, Fey T, Kohn K, Bertram U, et al. Influence of different irradiation protocols on vascu-larization and bone formation parameters in rat femora. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23(10): 583−91.
Forbes ME, Paitsel M, Bourland JD, Riddle DR. Systemic effects of fractionated, whole-brain irradiation in young adult and ag-ing rats. Radiat Res 2013; 180(3): 326−33.
Sun R, Zhang LY, Chen LS, Tian Y. Long-term outcome of changes in cognitive function of young rats after vari-ous/different doses of whole brain irradiation. Neurol Res 2016; 38(7): 647−54.
Nagler RM, Barak V, Nagler A. Short-term systemic effects of head and neck irradiation. Anticancer Res 2000; 20(3A): 1865−70.
Sedlecki S, Karadžov O, Demajo M, Milovanović O. Effects of high doses of x-rays on teeth development and jaws growth of rat. Serb Dent J 1986; 2: 133−42. (Serbian)
Demajo M. Effects of x-rays on development of rat’s jaws and dental tissues. [thesis]. Belgrade: Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Belgrade; 1994. (Serbian)
Ubios AM, Piloni MJ, Cabrini RL. Mandibular growth and tooth eruption after localizedx-radiation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992; 50(2): 153−6.
Robinson IC, Fairhall KM, Hendry JH, Shalet SM. Differential radiosesitivity of hypotalamo-pituitary function in the young adult rat. J Endocrinol 2001; 169(3): 519−26.
Lebaron-Jacobs L, Wysocki J, Griffiths NM. Differential qualita-tive and temporal changes in the response of the hypothala-mus-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats after localized or total-body irradiation. Radiat Res 2004; 161: 712–22.
Waynforth HB. Experimental and surgical technique in the rat. London, New York: Academic Press; 1980.
Milosavljević Ž. Effects of experimentally irradiated pituitary gland on growth of rat`s jaws [thesis]. Belgrade: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Belgrade; 1997. (Serbian)
Milosavljević Ž, Krstić N, Mitrović B, Lazarević Macanović M. Ef-fects of experimentally irradiated pituitary gland on some morphological parameters of rats’ head, body and tibia. Radiat Applic 2017; 2(1): 62−4.