Increased concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the plasma of glaucoma patients

Marija Trenkić; Tatjana Jevtović Stoimenov; Jelena Bašić; Jelena Vasilijević; Dragana  Ristić; Milan Trenkić; Aleksandar Veselinović; Marija Cvetanović

doi:10.2298/VSP230725062T

Marija Trenkić University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Niš, Serbia
Tatjana Jevtović Stoimenov University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Niš, Serbia
Jelena Bašić University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Niš, Serbia
Jelena Vasilijević University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Belgrade, Serbia
Dragana Ristić University of Defence, Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
Milan Trenkić University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Niš, Serbia
Aleksandar Veselinović University Clinical Center Niš, Clinic for Ophthalmology, Niš, Serbia
Marija Cvetanović University Clinical Center Niš, Clinic for Ophthalmology, Niš, Serbia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP230725062T

Keywords: biomarker;, exfoliation syndrome;, glaucoma, open-angle;, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Abstract

Background/Aim. Changes in the concentration of various mediators of inflammation in blood, aqueous humor, or eye tissues support the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Inflammatory biomarkers have a great potential for application in clinical practice. The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the plasma of patients with OAG and subjects without glaucoma and examine the correlation between the TNF-α concentration in plasma in glaucoma patients and specific clinical parameters. Methods. The study included 87 participants (87 eyes) divided into three groups: 35 subjects (35 eyes) with primary OAG (POAG) with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) – hypertension glaucoma (HTG) (POAG-HTG), 23 subjects (23 eyes) with pseudoexfoliative OAG (XFG), and 29 subjects in the control group (healthy subjects) matched with the patient groups in terms of age and gender. We performed a complete clinical examination, including standard automated perimetry and determination of changes in the participant’s repeated visual field, optical coherence tomography and determination of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. The concentration of TNF-α in participants’ plasma was measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay – ELISA. Results. The concentrations of TNF-α in the plasma of glaucoma patients (POAG-HTG 2.04 ± 1.98 pg/mL and XFG OAG 2.05 ± 1.48 pg/mL) were significantly higher than in healthy subjects (1.43 ± 2.00 pg/mL, p < 0.05). In none of the groups of subjects suffering from glaucoma was there a statistically significant correlation of TNF-α concentration in the plasma with any of the clinical parameters, including IOP, cup/disk ratio, mean deviation, average RNFL, and RNFL in the superior and inferior quadrant. Conclusion. The concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in the plasma is significantly higher in glaucoma patients compared to non-glaucomatous subjects, and it confirms the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of glaucoma as one of the non-inflammatory ocular diseases. The concentrations of TNF-α in the plasma of glaucoma patients did not correlate with any of the examined clinical parameters; hence, it cannot be considered a measure of progression and damage in glaucoma.

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