Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate–specific antigen

  • Tomislav P. Pejčić Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  • Miodrag Aćimović Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  • Zoran Džamić Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  • Milan Radovanović Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  • Jovan Hadži-Djokić Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
Keywords: prostatic hyperplasia, prostate-specific antigen, prognosis,

Abstract




Author Biographies

Tomislav P. Pejčić, Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Head of the Dpt. of emergency urology;

Assistant Director of the Clinic

Miodrag Aćimović, Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

Head of the 2nd Dpt.

Deputy Director of the Clinic

Zoran Džamić, Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

Director of the Clinic

Milan Radovanović, Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Resident of urology
Jovan Hadži-Djokić, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
Academician

References

Berman D, Rodriguez R, Veltri RW. Development, Molecular Biology, and Physiology of the Prostate. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Craig PA, Novick AC, editors. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012. p. 2533−69.

Cunha GR. Role of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in normal and abnormal development of the mammary gland and prostate. Cancer 1994; 74(Suppl 3): 1030−44.

Taylor RA, Risbridger GP. Prostatic tumor stroma: a key player in cancer progression. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2008; 8(6): 490−7.

Vashchenko N, Abrahamsson P. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: implications for new treatment modalities. Eur Urol 2005; 47(2): 147−55.

Wurzel R, Ray P, Major-Walker K, Shannon J, Rittmaster R. The effect of dutasteride on intraprostatic dihydrotestosterone concentrations in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 10(2): 149−54.

Mohler JL, Gregory CW, Ford HO, Kim D, Weaver CM, Petrusz P, et al. The androgen axis in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10(2): 440−8.

Titus MA, Schell MJ, Lih FB, Tomer KB, Mohler JL. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone tissue levels in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11(13): 4653−7.

Naslund MJ, Issa MM, Grogg AL, Eaddy MT, Black L. Clinical and economic outcomes in patients treated for enlarged prostate. Am J Manag Care 2006; 12(Suppl 4): 111−6.

Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380(9859): 2163−96.

Verhamme KM, Dieleman JP, Bleumink GS, van der Lei J, Sturkenboom MC, Artibani W, et al. Incidence and prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in primary care-the Triumph project. Eur Urol 2002; 42(4): 323−8.

Roehrborn C, Mcconnell J. Etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology and natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: Walsh P, Retik A, Vaughan E, Wein A, editors. Campbell’s Urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002. p. 1297−36.

Cohen P, Nunn SE, Peehl DM. Transforming growth factor-beta induces growth inhibition and IGF-binding protein-3 production in prostatic stromal cells: abnormalities in cells cultured from benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues. J Endo-crinol 2000; 164(2): 215−23.

Gu F. Epidemiological survey of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer in China. Chin Med J 2000; 113(4): 299−302.

Coffey DS. Similarities of prostate and breast cancer: Evolution, diet, and estrogens. Urology 2001; 57(4 Suppl 1): 31−8.

Bethel CR, Chaudhary J, Anway MD, Brown TR. Gene expression changes are age-dependent and lobe-specific in the brown Norway rat model of prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2009; 69(8): 838−50.

Life expectancy. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy

Oded G, Omer M. The Neolithic Revolution and Contemporary Variations in Life Expectancy. 2007. [cited 2010 September 12]. Available from: http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/resources/FAQ.html

The Kinsey institute. Frequently asked sexuality questions to the Kinsey Institute. Available from: http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/resources/FAQ.html

Roehrborn CG. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Natural History. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Peters CA, Novick AC, editors. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012. p. 2570−610.

Pejcic T, Argirovic DJ, Crnomarkovic D. Uroflow Index (pF x mF): More Precise Interpretation of the Results. Eur Urol Meeting 2006; 1(2): 2.

21 EAS. Humahn prostate specific antigen (PSA/KLK3) with bound substrate from complex with antibody (PDB id: 2ZCK) [cited 2011 September 21]. Available from:

commons.wikimedia.ortg/.../File:PSA_KLK3_PD

Graves HC, Sensabaugh GF, Blake ET. Postcoital detection of a male-specific semen protein. Application to the investigation of rape. N Engl J Med 1985; 312(6): 338−43.

Wang MC, Papsidero LD, Kuriyama M, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. Prostate antigen: a new potential marker for prostatic cancer. Prostate 1981; 2(1): 89−96.

Vesey SG, Goble M, Ferro MA, Stower MJ, Hammonds JC, Smith PJ. Quantification of prostatic cancer metastatic disease using prostate-specific antigen. Urology 1990; 35(6): 483−6.

Erickson DR, Hlavinka TC, Rockwood AP, Metter JD, Novicki DE, Fried MG. Prostatic acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and prostate specific antigen assays in fine needle aspirates from benign and malignant prostates. J Urol 1991; 146(5): 1402−7.

Denmeade SR, Sokoll LJ, Chan DW, Khan SR, Isaacs JT. Concentration of enzymatically active prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the extracellular fluid of primary human prostate cancers and human prostate cancer xenograft models. Pros-tate 2001; 48(1): 1−6.

Jung K, Brux B, Lein M, Rudolph B, Kristiansen G, Hauptmann S, et al. Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen in malignant and benign prostatic tissue: biochemical and diagnostic implications. Clin Chem 2000; 46(1): 47−54.

Ersev A, Ersev D, Turkery L, Ilker Y, Simsek F, Kullu S, et al. The relation of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen with tumor grade in prostatic adenocarcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990; 357: 129−34.

Bostwick DG. Prostate specific antigen and pathology of the prostate. Eur Urol 1995; 27(Suppl 2): 5.

Pretlow TG, Pretlow TP, Yang B, Kaetzel CS, Delmoro CM, Kamis SM, et al. Tissue concentrations of prostate-specific antigen in prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Cancer 1991; 49(5): 645−9.

Weir EG, Partin AW, Epstein JI. Correlation of serum prostate specific antigen and quantitative immunohistochemistry. J Urol 2000; 163(6): 1739−42.

Zhu Y, Cai L, You X, Cordero JJ, Huang Y, Imperato-McGinley J. Androgen-induced prostate-specific antigen gene expression is mediated via dihydrotestosterone in LNCaP cells. J Androl 2003; 24(5): 681−7.

Balk SP, Ko Y, Bubley GJ. Biology of prostate-specific antigen. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21(2): 383−91.

Zhu Y, Sun G. 5α-Reductase Isozymes in the Prostate. J Med Sci 2005; 25(1): 1−12.

Kampa M, Papakonstanti EA, Hatzoglou A, Stathopoulos EN, Stournaras C, Castanas E. The human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP bears functional membrane testosterone receptors that increase PSA secretion and modify actin cytoskeleton. FASEB J 2002; 16(11): 1429−31.

Kabalin JN, Hornberger JC. Prostate specific antigen is not excreted by human kidney or eliminated by routine hemodialysis. Urology 1991; 37(4): 308−10.

Shibata K, Kajihara J, Kato K, Hirano K. Purification and characterization of prostate specific antigen from human urine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1336(3): 425−33.

Schieferstein G. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in human seminal plasma. Arch Androl 1999; 42(3): 193−7.

Lilja H. Role of hK2, free PSA, and complexed PSA measure-ments in the very early detection of prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2001; 39(Suppl 4): 47−8.

Lilja H. Free and total PSA: background information and rationale for use. In: Tindal DJ, editor. Recent advances in prostate cancer: basic science discoveries and clinical. New York: Parthenon Publishing Group; 1997. p. 195−7.

Robert M, Gagnon C. Semenogelin I: a coagulum forming, multi-functional seminal vesicle protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 55(6−7): 944−60.

Ellis WJ, Brawer MK. PSA in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20(4): 62115.

Liu S, Miller PD, Holmes SA, Christmas TJ, Kirby RS. Eosinophilic prostatitis and prostatic specific antigen. Br J Urol 1992; 69(1): 61−3.

Catalona WJ, Ramos CG, Carvalhal GF, Yan Y. Lowering PSA cutoffs to enhance detection of curable prostate cancer. Urology 2000; 55(6): 791−5.

Gilbert SM, Cavallo CB, Kahane H, Lowe FC. Evidence suggesting PSA cutpoint of 2. 5 ng/mL for prompting prostate biopsy: review of 36, 316 biopsies. Urology 2005; 65(3): 549−53.

Pejcić T, Hadzi-Djokić J, Topuzović C, Basić D, Marjanović A, Djurasic L. The analysis of some factors that influence on serum PSA level in localized prostate cancer patients: mathematical model. Acta Chir Iugosl 2011; 58(1): 81−7.

Catalona WJ, Southwick PC, Slawin KM, Partin AW, Brawer MK, Flanigan RC, et al. Comparison of percent free PSA, PSA density, and age-specific PSA cutoffs for prostate cancer detection and staging. Urology 2000; 56(2): 255−60.

Schmid HP, Prikler L, Sturgeon CM, Semjonow A. Diagnosis of prostate cancer-the clinical use of prostate-specific antigen. EAU Update Series 2003; 1: 3−8.

Kakehi Y, Kamoto T, Shiraishi T, Kato T, Tobisu K, Akakura K, et al. Correlation of initial PSA level and biopsy features with PSA-doubling time in early stage prostate cancers in Japanese men. Eur Urol 2002; 41(1): 47−53.

Horninger W, Reissigl A, Rogatsch H, Volgger H, Studen M, Klocker H, et al. Prostate cancer screening in the Tyrol, Austria: experience and results. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36(10): 1322−35.

Heidenreich A, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Joniau S, Mason M, Matveev V, et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and treatment of clinically localised disease. Eur Urol 2011; 59(1): 61−71.

Crawford E, Wilson SS, McConnell JD, Slawin KM, Lieber MC, Smith JA, et al. Baseline factors as predictors of clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men treated with placebo. J Urol 2006; 175(4): 1422−6.

de la Taille A. Contribution of the PCPT trial to finasteride treatment of micturition disorders due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prog Urol 2008; 18 Suppl 3: S53−7. (French)

Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Mcconnell JD, Meehan AG, Surynawanshi S, Lee JY, et al. Long-term treatment with finasteride results in a clinically significant reduction in total prostate volume compared to placebo over the full range of baseline prostate sizes in men enrolled in the MTOPS trial. J Urol 2008; 180(3): 1030−2.

Roehrborn CG, Siami P, Barkin J, Damião R, Becher E, Miñana B, et al. The Influence of Baseline Parameters on Changes in International Prostate Symptom Score with Dutasteride, Tamsulosin, and Combination Therapy among Men with Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and an Enlarged Prostate: 2-Year Data from the CombAT Study. Eur Urol 2009; 55(2): 461−71.

Chung BH, Roehrborn CG, Siami P, Major-Walker K, Morrill BB, Wilson TH, et al. Efficacy and safety of dutasteride, tamsulosin and their combination in a subpopulation of the CombAT study: 2-year results in Asian men with moderate-to-severe BPH. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009; 12(2): 152–9.

Roehrborn CG. BPH progression: concept and key learning from MTOPS, ALTESS, COMBAT, and ALF-ONE. BJU Int 2008; 101(Suppl 3): 17−21.

Siami P, Roehrborn CG, Barkin J, Damiao R, Wyczolkowski M, Duggan A, et al. Combination therapy with dutasteride and tamsulosin in men with moderate-to-severe benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate enlargement: the CombAT (Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin) trial rationale and study design. Contemp Clin Trials 2007; 28(6): 770−9. .

Tremblay J, Frenette G, Tremblay RR, Dupont A, Thabet M, Dube JY. Excretion of three major prostatic secretory proteins in the urine of normal men and patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostate cancer. Prostate 1987; 10(3): 235−43.

Breul J, Pickl U, Hartung R. Prostate-specific antigen in urine. Eur Urol 1994; 26(1): 18−21.

Hillenbrand M, Bastian M, Steiner M, Zingler C, Muller M, Wolff JM, et al. Serum-to-urinary prostate-specific antigen ratio in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Anticancer Res 2000; 20(6D): 4995−6.

Irani J, Millet C, Levillain P, Doré B, Begon F, Aubert J. Serum-to-urinary prostate specific antigen ratio: its impact in distinguishing prostate cancer when serum prostate specific antigen level is 4 to 10 ng./ml. J Urol 1997; 157(1): 185−8.

Pannek J, Rittenhouse HG, Evans CL, Finlay JA, Bruzek DJ, Cox JL, et al. Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen and human kallikrein 2 (hK2) in urine are not clinically useful for early detection and staging of prostate cancer. Urology 1997; 50(5): 715−21.

Iwakiri J, Granbois K, Wehner N, Graves HC, Stamey T. An analysis of urinary prostate specific antigen before and after radical prostatectomy: evidence for secretion of prostate specific antigen by the periurethral glands. J Urol 1993; 149(4): 783−6.

Pejcić T, Hadzi-Djokić J, Marković B, Lalić N, Glisić B. What are the possible reasons for urethral PSA varieties after radical prostatectomy. Acta Chir Iugosl 2010; 57(2): 31−5.

Pejcić T, Dimitrijević V, Hadzi-Djokić J. Urinary PSA in monitoring of patients with prostate cancer. Acta Chir Iugosl 2012; 59(1): 57−60.

Zaviacic M, Ruzicková M, Jakubovský J, Danihel L, Babál P, Blazeková J. The significance of prostate markers in the orthology of the female prostate. Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95(11): 491−7. (Slovak)

Obiezu CV, Giltay EJ, Magklara A, Scorilas A, Gooren LJG, Yu H, et al. Serum and urinary prostate-specific antigen and urinary human glandular kallikrein concentrations are significantly increased after testosterone administration in female-to-male transsexuals. Clin Chem 2000; 46(6 Pt 1): 859−62.

Sato I, Yoshikawa A, Shimizu K, Ishiwari A, Mukai T, Iwamoto T. Urinary prostate-specific antigen is a noninvasive indicator of sexual development in male children. J Androl 2007; 28(1): 155−7.

Sato I, Yoshikawa A, Ishiwari A, Shimizu K. Seasonal Changes in Urinary Prostate-Specific Antigenic Activity in Male Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscaa fuscata). J Androl 2007; 28(6): 821−6.

Sağlam HS, Köse O, Ozdemir F, Adsan O. Do the values of prostate specific antigen obtained from fresh and dried urine reflect the serum measurements. Urol Ann 2013; 5(2): 99−102.

Hekal IA. Urinary prostate specific antigen, usefulness is still a matter of controversy. Urol Ann 2013; 5(2): 102.

Bolduc S, Lacombe L, Naud A, Gregoire M, Fradet Y, Tremblay RR. Urinary PSA: a potential useful marker when serum PSA is be-tween 2. 5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL. Can Urol Assoc J 2007; 1(4): 377−81.

Pejcić T, Hadzi-Djokić J, Marković B, Dragićević D, Glisić B, Lalić N, et al. Urinary PSA level and relative tumor volume after prostate biopsy. Acta Chir Iugosl 2009; 56(2): 17−21.

Pejcic T, Hadzi-Djokic J, Acimovic M, Topuzovic C, Milkovic B, Janjic A. Urinary prostate specific antigen: is the clinical use likely? Acta Chir Iugosl 2005; 52(4): 69−74.

Pejčić TP. Prostata specifični antigen u urinu. Beograd: Zadužbina Andrejević; 2005. (Serbian)

Pejcic TP, Tulic CD, Lalic NV, Glisic BD, Ignjatovic SD, Markovic BB, et al. Urinary prostate-specific antigen: predictor of benign prostatic hyperplasia progression. Can J Urol 2013; 20(2): 6707−13.

Published
2015/07/08
Section
Review Paper