ПРАВА ПОЈЕДИНАЦА И ОБАВЕЗЕ ДРЖАВЕ У ЗАШТИТИ КВАЛИТЕТА ВАЗДУХА
Sažetak
Osnovu za razvoj instituta u oblasti zaštite kvaliteta vazduha koje danas poznaje ekološko pravo nlazimo još u Rimskom pravu. Krajem prve polovine III veka nailazimo na bližu podelu stvari na koju ukazuje Marcijan koji, polazeći od mogućnosti korišćenja stvari, kao posebnu kategoriju izdvaja stvari koje koriste svi ljudi i koje ne mogu biti predmet privatne svojine (res communes omnium). Stvarima koje su po prirodnom pravu zajedničke svima najpre su smatrane vazduh i voda. U XXI veku narušen kvalitet vazduha je od strane Svetske zdravstvene organizacije označen kao veliki uzročnik povećanog broja slučajeva prevremene smrti na globalnom nivou. Autorka ukazuje na to da iako je Srbija potpisnica osnovnih međunarodnih sporazuma koje postavljaju okvir zaštite kvaliteta vazduha, Protokoli i amandmani na Protokole Konvencije o prekograničnom zagađivanju vaduha na velikim udaljenostima doneti nakon 2012. godine nisu ratifikovani. Kako su predviđena pravila u najvećem procentu deo ekološkog acuis-ja, očekuje se da pravila predviđena neratifikovanim Protokolima i pratećim amandmanima postanu deo domaćeg pravnog okvira u postupku harminizacije prava Srbija sa pravom EU. Nakon analize osnovnih obaveza države članice u primeni Direktive 2008/50/EZ o kvalitetu vazduha i čistijeg vazduha za Evropu, autorka ukazuje na najvažije slučajeve iz prakse CJEU koji ukazuju na kriterijume na osnovu kojih se može ceniti da li države članice primenjuju mere koje su adekvatne i mogu da vode smanjenju emisija koje su direktivom određene. Izvedene analize pokazuju da su pojedinci imaju aktivnu legitimaciju u upravnom sporu pokrenutom protiv nečinjenja nadležnih organa koje se sastoji u tome što nadležni organ nije doneo Plan zaštite vazduha nakon prekoračenja emisija u vrednostima koje prelaze granice utvrđene Direktivom 2008/50/EZ. Autorka ukazuje i na mere koje domaći sud može da primeni kako bi sudska odluka u takvim predmetima bila izvršena tako da prekoračenje graničnih emisija traje što je moguće kraće. Ukazujući na usaglašenost našeg prava sa međunarodnim standardima i pravom EU u oblasti zaštite kvaliteta vazduha, u zaključnim izlaganjima se ukazuje na preporuke i mišljenja Zaštitnika građana, na osnovu čega se daju osnovi za noveliranje pozitivnog prava.
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