ОДГОВОРНОСТ ДРЖАВЕ ЗА КРШЕЊЕ ЉУДСКИХ ПРАВА У СЛУЧАЈУ ПРЕКОГРАНИЧНЕ ЕКОЛОШКЕ ШТЕТЕ – НОВО СХВАТАЊЕ ЕКСТЕРИТОРИЈАЛНОСТИ У ПРИМЕНИ МЕЂУНАРОДНИХ УГОВОРА О ЉУДСКИМ ПРАВИМА?
Ključne reči:
екстериторијална надлежност, прекогранична еколошка штета, људска права, стварна контрола, Међу-амерички суд за људска права, Европски суд за људска права
Sažetak
У саветодавном мишљењу о људским правима и животној средини које је усвојио крајем 2017. године, Међуамерички суд за људска права се бавио питањем да ли држава уговорница Америчке конвенције о људским правима може да одговара за повреде људских права особа које се налазе ван њене територије, а које су настале као последица еколошки штетних активности са прекограничним последицама које су предузете у оквиру територије државе и над којима је држава вршила стварну контролу. Рад пружа детаљну анализу позитивног одговора Међуамеричког суда и пореди га са рестриктивним схватањем критеријумима за заснивање екстериторијалне надлежности које је настало у пракси Европског суда за људска права. Аутор, између осталог, закључује да став Међуамеричког суда редефинише традиционални тест стварне контроле над територијом или особама и то у неколико аспеката. Нови елементи које уводи Суд се квалификују као тројаки – у суштинском, садржинском и просторном смислу. Предмет анализе је и природа новог концепта. У раду се стога истражује да ли се екстензивни концепт екстериторијалности може сматрати општим стандардом међународног права људских права, или је у питању (не)исправно тумачење обавезе спречавања прекограничне еколошке штете као једног од најважнијих правила међународног еколошког права. Аутор с тим у вези нуди бројне аргументе како у прилог тако и против сваке од две тезе, да би потом, као најприхватљивије, изнео компромисно решење засновано на одабраним елементима оба приступа. Коначно, у раду су размотрени и изгледи за даље ширење екстензивног концепта екстериторијалности на области које нису нужно у вези са заштитом животне средине, као и у друге системе заштите људских права, како универзалне тако и регионалне.
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Berkes, A. (2018). A New Extraterritorial Jurisdictional Link Recognised by the IACtHR. EjilTalk. [Electronic version]. Retrieved 15 March 2020, from https://www.ejiltalk.org/a-new-extraterritorial-jurisdictional-link-recognised-by-the-iacthr/
Boyle, A. (2012). Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?. European Journal of International Law. 23 (3). 613-642
Cassel, D. (2004). Extraterritorial Application of Inter-American Human Rights Instruments. In Coomans, F., Kamminga, M.T. (eds), Extraterritorial application of human rights treaties. (175-181). Antwerp: Intersentia
Cerna, C.M. (2004). Extraterritorial Application of the Human Rights Instruments of the Inter-American System. In Coomans, F., Kamminga, M.T. (eds), Extraterritorial application of human rights treaties. (141-174). Antwerp: Intersentia
Council of Europe, Manual on Human Rights and the Environment, (2012)
Crawford, J., Keene, A. (2020). Interpretation of the human rights treaties by the International Court of Justice. The International Journal of Human Rights. 24 (7). 935-956
Da Costa, K. (2013). The Extraterritorial Application of Selected Human Rights Treaties. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Duttwiler, M. (2012). Authority, Control and Jurisdiction in the Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 30 (2). 137-162
Ellis, J. (2012). Extraterritorial Exercise of Jurisdiction for Environmental Protection: Addressing Fairness Concerns. Leiden Journal of International Law. 25 (2). 397-414
European Commission of Human Rights, Soering v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 14038/88, Judgment of 7 July 1989
European Commission of Human Rights, M. v. Denmark, Application No. 17392/90, decision of 14 October 1992
European Court of Human Rights, Loizidou v. Turkey (Preliminary Objections), Application No. 15318/89, Judgment of 23 March 1995
European Court of Human Rights, L.C.B. v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 14/1997/798/1001, Judgment of 9 June 1998
European Court of Human Rights, McGinley and Egan v. The United Kingdom, Application Nos. 21825/93 and 23414/94, Judgment of 9 June 1998
European Court of Human Rights, Cyprus v. Turkey, Application No. 25781/94, Judgment of the Grand Chamber of 10 May 2001
European Court of Human Rights, Banković and Others v. Belgium and 16 Other Contracting States, Application No. 52207/99, Decision of the Grand Chamber on admissibility of 19 December 2001
European Court of Human Rights, Ilascu and Others v. Moldova and Russia, Application No. 48787/99, Judgment of the Grand Chamber of 8 July 2004
European Court of Human Rights, Fadeyeva v. Russia, Application No. 55723/00, Judgment of 9 June 2005
European Court of Human Rights, Ocalan v. Turkey, Application No. 46221/99, Judgment of the Grand Chamber of 12 May 2005
European Court of Human Rights, Andreou v. Turkey, Application No. 45653/99, Decision on admissibility of 3 June 2008
European Court of Human Rights, Manitaras and Others v. Turkey, Application No. 54591/00, Decision on Admissibility of 3 June 2008
European Court of Human Rights, Al-Skeini and Others v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 55721/07, Judgment of the Grand Chamber of 7 July 2011
European Court of Human Rights, Di Sarno and Others v. Italy, Application No. 30765/08, Judgment of 10 January 2012
European Court of Human Rights, Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy, Application No. 27765/09, Judgment of the Grand Chamber of 23 February 2012.
European Court of Human Rights, Chiragov and Others v. Armenia, Application No. 13216/05, Judgment of 16 June 2015
Feria-Tinta, M., Milnes, S.C. (2018). The Rise of Environmental Law in International Dispute Resolution: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights Issues a Landmark Advisory Opinion on the Environment and Human Rights. Yearbook of International Environmental Law. 27 (1). 64-81
Gondek, M. (2005). Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights: Territorial Focus in the Age of Globalization? Netherlands International Law Review. 52 (3). 347-387
Goodwin-Gill, G.S. (2010). The Extra-territorial Reach of Human Rights Obligationa: a Brief Perspective on the Link to Jurisdiction. In Gowlland-Debbas, V., Boisson de Chazournes, L. (eds), International law and the quest for its implementation = Le droit international et la quête de sa mise en oeuvre: liber amicorum Vera Gowlland-Debbas (293-308). Leiden: Brill
Hampson, F. (2011). The Scope of the Extra-territorial Applicability of International Human Rights Law. In Gilbert, G., Rodley, N. (eds), The delivery of human rights: essays in honour of Professor Sir Nigel Rodley (157-182). London: Routledge
Hathaway, O. (2011). Human Rights Abroad: When Do Human Rights Treaty Obligations Apply Extraterritorially? Arizona State Law Journal, 43 (2). 389-426
Have, N. van der. (2018). The prevention of gross human rights violations under international human rights law. The Hague: Asser Press.
Heiskanen, H.E., Viljanen, J. (2014). Reforming the Strasbourg Doctrine on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in the Context of Environmental Protection. European Law Reporter. 11. 285-295
Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of the United States of America, Adopted by the Committee at its 110th session (10–28 March 2014), CCPR/C/USA/CO/4, 9-10
Human Rights Committee, Mohammad Munaf v. Romania, CCPR/C/96/D/1539/2006, 21 August 2009
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Saldaño v. Argentina, Report N. 38/99, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 11 March 1999.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, The Environment and Human Rights (State Obligations in Relation to the Environment in the Context of the Protection and Guarantee of the Rights to Life and to Personal Integrity – Interpretation and Scope of Articles 4(1) and 5(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-23/18, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., (ser. A) No. 23 (Nov. 15, 2017)
International Law Commission, Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, II (2) (2001). 26-143
Janik, C., Kleinlein, T. (2009). When Soering Went to Iraq....: Problems of Jurisdiction, Extraterritorial Effect of Norm Conflicts in Light of the European Court of Human Rights' Al-Saadoon Case. Goettingen Journal of International Law. 1 (3). 459-518
Kanalan, I. (2018). Extraterritorial State Obligations beyond the Concept of Jurisdiction. German Law Journal. 19 (1). 43-63
Krstić, I., Čučković, B. (2015). Procedural Aspects of Article 8 of the ECHR in Environmental Cases – The Greening of Human Rights Law. Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade. LXIII (3). 170-189
Lawson, R. (2004). Life After Banković: on the Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights. In Coomans, F., Kamminga, M.T. (eds), Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties (83-123). Antwerp: Intersentia.
Milanović, M. (2011). Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties: Law, Principles, and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Miller, S. (2010). Revisiting Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: A Territorial Justification for Extraterritorial Jurisdiction under the European Convention. European Journal of International Law. 20 (4). 1223-1246
Orakhelashvili, A. (2003). Restrictive interpretation of human rights treaties in the recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. European Journal of International Law. 14 (3). 529-568
Parrish, A. L. (2005). Trail Smelter déjàvu: Extraterritoriality, International Environmental Law, and the Search for Solutions to Canadian-U. S. Transboundary Water Pollution Disputes. Boston University Law Review. 85 (2). 363-429
Tzevelekos, V. (2015). Respect and Protection of International Law Beyond the Borders (of Human Rights). Völkerrechtsblog. [Electronic version]. Retrieved 12 February 2020 from https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/articles/respect-and-protection-of-international-law-beyond-the-borders-of-human-rights/
Vega-Barbosa, G., Aboagye, L. (2018). A Commentary on the Advisory Opinion of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the Environment and Human Rights. DPCE on line. [Electronic version]. Retrieved 31 January 2020 from http://www.dpceonline.it/index.php/dpceonline/article/view/506. 291-298
Vordermayer, M. (2018). The Extraterritorial Application of Multilateral Environmental Agreements. Harvard International Law Journal. 59 (1). 59-124
Wilde, R. (2010). Compliance with Human Rights Norms Extraterritorially: Human Rights Imperialism? In Gowlland-Debbas, V., Boisson de Chazournes, L. (eds), International law and the quest for its implementation = Le droit international et la quête de sa mise en oeuvre: liber amicorum Vera Gowlland-Debbas (319-348). Leiden: Brill
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