Правни основ унилатералне хуманитарне интервенције
Sažetak
У овом раду биће истражено да ли у савременом међународном праву постоји правни основ за унилатералну хуманитарну интервенцију. Легалност унилатералне интервенције разматраће се са становишта међународног уговорног и међународног обичајног права, будући да су то два главна извора међународног права. Најпре ће бити обрађена извесна општа питања, као што су историјски развој концепта, појам и елементи појма хуманитарне интервенције. Затим ће бити анализирана Повеља УН као и извесни међународни документи како би се утврдило да ли у међународном уговорном праву постоји правни основ унилатералне интервенције. Полазна тачка анализе биће норма о забрани употребе силе садржана у чл. 2(4) Повеље УН, и биће изложени аргументи у прилог и против екстензивног тумачења ове норме од стране појединих теоретичара. Након тога, анализираће се одредбе поједининих међународних уговора за које у теорији влада мишљење да могу послужити као правни основ хуманитарне интервенције. Коначно, биће испитана пракса држава у циљу испитивања тачности тврдње да право на хуманитарну интервенцију припада корпусу правила обичајног права. Како су елементи обичајног правила пракса и свест о обавезности, пракса држава биће испитана са становишта оба ова елемента.
Reference
Abeiew F.K. /1999/, The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention, The Hague
Acheson-Brown D.G./2001/, “The Tanzanian Invasion of Uganda:A Just War?”, http://www.unomaha.edu/itwsjr/ThirdXII/AchesonBrownTanzaniaVol12.pdf
Advisory Council on International Affairs-Advisory Committee on Issues of Public International Law: Humanitarian Intervention (Dutch Report No. 13), The Hague, 2000, http://www.aiv-advies.nl/ContentSuite/upload/aiv/doc/AIV_13_Eng.pdf;
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf, Merits, Judgment, ICJ Reports, 1978, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=327&code=gt&p1=3&p2=3&case=62&k=81&p3=5
Aust A./2005/, Handbook of International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Baranovsky V., Humanitarian Intervention: Russian perspectives, Pugvash Occasional Papers, vol.2, no.1, http://www.pugwash.org/publication/op/opv2n1.html
Benjamin B /1992-93/,“ Unilateral Humanitarian Intrevention: Legalizing the Use of Force to Prevent Human Rights Atrocities“, Fordham International Law Journal, vol.16
Brownlie I./2002/,"International Law and the Use of Force by States" Revisited, Chinese Journal of International Law, vol. 1
Cassese A./1999/, “Ex Injuria Ius Orbitur: Are We Moving towards International Legitimation of Forcible Humanitarian Countermeasures in the World Community?”, EJIL, http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/10/1/575.pdf
Charter of The United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/
Charter of the Organization of American States, http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_a-41_Charter_of_the_organization_of_american_States.htm#ch2
Constitutive Act of the African Union, http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/ConstitutiveAct_EN.pdf
D’Amato A./2010/, There is no Norm of Intervention or Non-Intervention in International Law: Comments", Faculty Working Papers, Paper 80, http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=facultyworkingpapers
D'Amato A./1990/, "The Invasion of Panama Was a Lawful Response to Tyranny", in American Journal of International Law, vol. 84
Danish Institute of International Affairs/1999/, Humanitarian Intervention:Legal and Political Aspects, Copenhagen
Finnemore М ./1996/, “Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention”, The culture of national security: Norms and identity in world politics, http://www.metu.edu.tr/~utuba/Finnemore.pdf
Further supplementary written evidence from the RT Hon Hugh Robertson MP, Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office: humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect (USA19), http://justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Letter-from-UK-Foreign-Commonwealth-Office-to-the-House-of-Commons-Foreign-Affairs-Committee-on-Humanitarian-Intervention-and-the-Responsibility-to-Protect.pdf
Gowlland-Debbas V. /2000/, „The Limits of Unilateral Enforcementof Community Objectives in the Framework of UN Peace Maintenance“, European Journal of International Law, vol.11
Gray C./2003/, „The Use of Force and International Legal Order“, in International Law, ed. by M.Evans, http://www.jgu.edu.in/joss/PDF/TheUseofForceandtheInternationalLegalOrderinEvans(InternationalLaw).pdf
Gray C./2008/, International Law and the Use of Force, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York
Grimstad K./2001/, Humanitarian Intervention: Historical, Legal and Moral Perspectives, http://www.publiclaw.uct.ac.za/usr/public_law/LLMPapers/grimstad.pdf
Halberstam M./1995/, "The Legality of Humanitarian Intervention", in Cardozo Journal of International Law and Comparative Law, vol.3
Holzgrefe J.L./2003/, The Humanitarian Intervention Debate, in Holzgrefe J.L. –Keohane R.O.: Humanitarian Intervention – Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Cambridge
House of Common’s Foreign Affairs Select Commitee, Fourth Report on Kosovo: HC 28-I/II (2000), http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmfaff/28/2802.htm
http://www.globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/docs/jurists/1_preface.htm
Hurd I./2011/, „ Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal? The Rule of Law in an Incoherent World“, Ethics & International Affairs, vol.25
Inter-American Demokratic Charter, September11, 2001 Lima, Peru, http://www.oas.org/charter/docs/resolution1_en_p4.htm
International Court of Justice, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Judgment), 27 June 1986, General List No. 70
International Court of Justice, North Sea Continental Shelf Case, 1969, (Judgment), 20.February 1969
International Court of Justice, The Corfu Channel Case (Merits), April 9. 1949, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=cd&case=1&code=cc&p3=90
International Law Association, Final Report of the Commitee on Formation of Customary (General) International Law (Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law), London Conference 2000
International Court of Justice, Nuclear Tests Case, 1974, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/?sum=317&code=nzf&p1=3&p2=3&case=59&k=6b&p3=5
International Law Commission, Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationaly Wrongful Acts, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2001, http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft%20articles/9_6_2001.pdf
Kolb R.: Note on humanitarian intervention, Affairs courantes et commentaries - Current issues and comments, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_849_kolb.pdf
Lepard B./2002/, Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: A Fresh Legal Approach, Penn State Press, Pennsylvania
Lillich R./1994/, „The Role of the UN Security Council in Protecting Human Rights in Crisis Situations: UN Humanitarian Intervention in the Post-Cold War World“, Tulane J. of Int’l & Comp.Law, vol.3
Lillich R./1969/, "Intervention to Protect Human Rights", in McGill Law Journal, vol. 15
Malanczuk P./1993/, Humanitarian Intervention and the Legitimacy of the Use of Force, Amsterdam
Mertus J/2000/,“ Reconsidering the Legality of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from Kosovo“, William and Mary Law Review, vol.41
Murphy S.D./1996/, Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia
O’Connel M.E/1992/, „Continuing Limits on UN Intervention in Civil War“, Indiana Law Journal, vol.67
Ramsbotham O./1996/, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict: a Reconceptualization, Polity Press
Reisman W./1994/, "Humanitarian Intervention and Fledgling Democracies", in Fordham International Law Journal, vol.18
Ryniker /2001/, The ICR’s Position on „Humanitarian Intervention“ , International Review of the Red Cross, , http://www.ikrk.org/eng/assets/files/other/527-532_ryniker-ang.pdf
Schabas W.A./2000/, Genocide in International Law, Cambridge
Schachter O./1984/, "The Legality of Pro-Democratic Invasion", in American Journal of International Law, vol.78
Schwabach A./1999/, The Legality of the NATO Bombing Operation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in Pace International Law Review
Stanylova М, „Has humanitarian Intervention Become an Exception to the Prohibition on the Use of Force in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter?“, Edinburgh, http://archive.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/Stanulova_Humanitarian%20Intervention.pdf
Stromseth J./2003/: „Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: The Case for Incremental Change“, in Holzgrefe J.L.-Keohane R.O.: Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Cambridge
Teson F./1997/, Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, Transnational Publishers, New York
Teson F./2003/, „The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention“, in HolzgrefeJ.L. – KeohaneR.O.: Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Cambridge
The Report of International Commision of Jurist, The events in East Pakistan, 1971: A Legal Study, Geneva, The Commisssion, 1972
The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, December 2001, http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf
UN Security Council Resolution, 3989th Meeting, 26 March 1999, Doc S/PV. 3989
Verwey W.D./1986/ ,"Humanitarian Intervention", in The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force (ed.A.Cassese)
Waxman M.C., Intervention to Stop Genocide and Mass Atrocities, Council on Foreign Relations, Council Special Report 49
Wheeler N.J./2000/, “Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention and International Law”, Paper n.105, http://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/123456789/1396/1/NeD105_NicholasJWheeler.pdf
Wheeler N.J./2000/, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol.II, http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/Ybkvolumes(e)/ILC_1950_v2_e.pdf
Крећа М. /2010/, Међународно јавно право, Београд
Кривокапић Б./2008/, „On the concept of humanitarian intervention and preventive self-defence“, Adrias, vol.14
Раичевић Н./2008/, Хуманитарна интервенција у међународном праву, Ниш
Савић С./2007/, “Међународно право и хуманитарна интервенција“, Међународни проблеми, vol.1