Critical Infrastructure Resilience - National Approaches in the USA, the United Kingdom and Australia
Keywords:
critical infrastructure, resilience, all-hazard approach, risk management, national security
Abstract
Securitization of the critical infrastructure as an important factor of the national security has been among the aspects of wider changes in the security discourse since the end of the Cold War, and especially since the 9/11 attack. The concept of critical infrastructure protection, initially focused on countering the terrorism threat, has been moving and expanding, from adopting the ‘all-hazard approach’, until the recent popularity of the strategy of resilience. The paper discusses the concepts of resilience and critical infrastructure, and then analyses the approaches to critical infrastructure protection and resilience in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. The paper analyzes the official documents – strategies, laws and by-laws, reviews and guidelines produced by the governmental bodies of the mentioned countries, with the aim of clarification of the concept, as well as the country-specific variations in its operationalization.
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32. Wildavsky, A. (1991). Searching for Safety, Transaction publishers, New Brunswick/Oxford, 253pp.
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34. Закон о критичној инфраструктури. Службени гласник РС, бр. 87/2018.
2. Baum, S. (2015). Risk and Resilience for Unknown, Unquantifiable, Systemic and Unlikely/Catastrophic Threats, Environment Systems and Decisions, 35:229-236.
3. Brunner, E.M., Elgin M., Sutter, M. (2009). International CIIP Handbook 2008/2009. An Inventory of 25 National and 7 International Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Policies, Center for Security Studies, eth Zurich.
4. Clinton, W.J. (1996). Executive Order 13010—Critical Infrastructure Protection.
July 15, 1996.
5. Department of Homeland Security “What is Critical Infrastructure”. Приступљено 11.12.2019, https://www.dhs.gov/what-critical-infrastructure
6. European Commission. (2004).Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Critical Infrastructure Protection in the fight against terrorism (COM/2004/0702 Final). Official Journal of the European Union.
7. European Commission. (2006). Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE Council on the identification and designation of European Critical Infrastructure and the assessment of the need to improve their protection, (CNS 2006/0276*). Official Journal of the European Union.
8. European Commision. (2008). Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection, Official Journal of the European Union, pp. 345/75-345/82.
9. Fjäder, C. (2014). The nation-state, national security and resilience in the age of globalization. Resilience, 2(2):114-129.
10. Haimes, Y. Y., Crowther, K., & Horowitz, B. M. (2008). Homeland security preparedness: Balancing protection with resilience in emergent systems. Systems Engineering, 11(4), 287-308.
11. Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4:1–23.
12. Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D., & Leveson, N. (2006). Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
13. Hollnagel, E., Pariès, J., Woods, D.D. & Wreathall, J. (2011). Resilience Engineering in Practice, A Guidebook. Ashgate, Farnham.
14. Hollnagel, E. (2012). Coping with Complexity: Past, Present and Future. Cognition, Technology & Work, 14(3), 199-205.
15. Hollnagel, E. (2014). A Tale of Two Safeties. Nuclear Safety and Simulation. 4(1), 1-9.
16. Hollnagel, E. (2014). Resilience engineering and the built environment. Building Research & Information,42:2, 221-228
17. Kaufmann, M. (2013). Emergent self-organisation in emergencies: resilience rationales in interconnected societies. Resilience, 1(1): 53-68.
18. Keković, Z., Ninković, V. (2020). Zaštita kritične infrastructure – sistemski pristup. Beograd: Centar za analizu rizika i upravljanje krizama, 127.str.
19. Keković, Z., Ninković, V. (2020). Towards a Conceptualization of Resilience in Security Studies. Српска политичка мисао. 27(67): 153-175.
20. Longstaff P.H, Armstrong N.J, Perrin K, Parker W.M. and Hidek M.A. (2010). Building Resilient Communities: A Preliminary Framework for Assessment. Homeland Security Affairs, VI (3): 1-23.
21. Madni, A. & Jackson, S. (2011). Towards a Conceptual Framework for Resilience Engineering. IEEE Engineering Management Review. 39(4): 85-102.
22. Pavićević, O. (2016). Koncept otpornosti u sociologiji. Sociologija. 58 (3): 432-449.
23. Pike, A., Dawley, S., Tomaney, J. (2010). Resilience, Adaptation and Adaptability. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. pp.1-12.
24. Pursiainen, C. (2009). The Challenges for European Critical Infrastructure Protection, European Integration, vol. 31, no. 6.
25. Radvanovsky R., McDougall A. (2010). Critical Infrastructure, Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, Second edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2010.
26. Rankin, A., Lundberg, J., Woltjer, R., Rollenhagen, C. & Hollnagel, E. (2014). Resilience in Everyday Operations. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 8(1): 78-97.
27. Ridley, G. (2017). Resilience and National Security. In: Dover. R, Dylan H & Goodman M. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Security, Risk and Intelligence. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp.79-98.
28. Righi, A.W., Saurin, T.A. and Wachs, P. (2015) A Systematic Literature Review of Resilience Engineering: Research Areas and a Research Agenda Proposal. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 141, 142-152.
29. The President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP). (1997). Critical Foundations: Protecting America’s Infrastructures, Washington.
30. Walker, B., S. Carpenter, J. Anderies, N. Abel, G. S. Cumming, M. Janssen, L. Lebel, J. Norberg, G. D. Peterson, and R. Pritchard. (2002). Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conservation Ecology 6(1): 14.
31. Walker, B. H., L. H. Gunderson, A. P. Kinzig, C. Folke, S. R. Carpenter, and L. Schultz. (2006). A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 11(1): 13.
32. Wildavsky, A. (1991). Searching for Safety, Transaction publishers, New Brunswick/Oxford, 253pp.
33. Wolfowitz, P., Rivera, K., Ware, G. (2018). Planning for the Unexpected. Strategy and Business. URL: https://www.strategy-business.com/article/Planning-for-the-Unexpected?gko=1dbff . Приступљено 11.12.2019.
34. Закон о критичној инфраструктури. Службени гласник РС, бр. 87/2018.
Published
2022/06/09
Section
Original Scientific Paper