RESTRICTIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS - new tendencies

  • Aleksandra Toroman Student doktorskih studija

Sažetak


Већина људских права може бити ограничена у одређеним ситуацијама, упркос њиховом значају за свако демократско друштво. То значи да та права нису апсолутна. Такве ситуације представљају, на пример, рат и ванредно стање, према Европској конвенцији о људским правима. Затим, у циљу заштите интереса државе и националне безбедности, људска права, односно интереси појединаца, долазе на друго место. У том случају потребно је постићи баланс између неопходних ограничења и очувања интереса државе. Један од најбољих примера ограничења људских права током ванредног стања је период Ковид-19. Многа права, као што је право на поштовање приватног и породичног живота, била су ограничена током Ковид-19 у различитим земљама у Европи, али је свака земља успоставила своје мере у складу са својом ситуацијом. Случајеви у вези са овим ограничењима и кршењем биће представљени пред Европским судом за људска права у годинама које долазе.

Reference

Books and articles


-        Alan Desmond, “The Private Life of Family Matters: Curtailing Human Rights Protection for Migrants under Article 8 of the ECHR?”, The European Journal of International Law, 29/2018.


-        Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, The Federalist Papers, Signet 2003.


-        Andrea Bianchi, Yasmin Naqvi, International Humanitarian law and Terrorism, Hart Publishing 2011.


-        Anna-Lena Svensson-McCarthy, The International Law of Human Rights and States of Exception, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1998.


-        Biljana Braithwaite, Catharina Harby, Goran Miletić, Covid-19 and the Impact on Human Rights - An overview of relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, AIRE Centre 2020.


-        Bojan Tubić, “Ograničenje prava na neometano uživanje imovine u praksi Evropskog suda za ljudska prava”, Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 4/2017.


-        Christoph Schreuer, “Derogation of Human Rights in Situation of Public Emergency: The experience of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Yale Journal of World Public Order, 9/1982.


-        Daphna Shraga, “Human Rights in Emergency Situations under the European Convention on Human Rights”, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 16/1986.


-        David Harris, et al., Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, Oxford University Press 2009.


-        Elzbieta Kuzelewska, Mariusz Tomaszuk, “European Human Rights Dimension of the Online Access to Cultural Heritage in Times of COVID-19 Outbreak”, International Journal of the Semiotics of Law, 35/2020.


-        European Court of Human Rights, Guide on Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights - Derogation in time of emergency, 31 August 2022.


-        European Court of Human Rights, Guide on Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights - No punishment without law: the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty, 31 August 2022.


-        Henkin Louis, The International Bill of Rights: the Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, Columbia University Press 1981.


-        Jaime Oraa, Human Rights in States of Emergency in International Law, Oxford University Press 1992.


-        Leslie C. Green, “Derogation of Human Rights in Emergency Situations”, Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 16/1978.


-        Ljubinko Mitrović, Nikolina Grbić Pavlović, Gojko Pavlović, ,,Derogiranje ljudskih prava u vanrednom stanju - slučaj Bosne i Hercegovine”, Pravni vjesnik, 3-4/2016.


-        Mohamed M. El Zeidy, “The ECHR and States of Emergency: Article 15-A Domestic Power of Derogation from Human Rights Obligations”, Michigan State University Detroit - College of Law’s Journal of International Law, 11/2002.


-        Nicole Questiaux, “Question of the Human Rights of Person Subjected to any Form of Detention or Imprisonment: Study of the Implications for Human Rights of Recent developments concerning situations known as states of siege or emergency”, United Nations Special Report, 27 July 1982.


-        Oren Gross, “Once more unto the Breach: The Systematic Failure of Applying the European Convention on Human Rights to Entrenched Emergencies”, The Yale Journal of International Law, 23/1998.


-        Oren Gross, Fionnuala Ni Aolain, Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice, Cambridge University Press 2006.


-        Pieter van Dijk, Godefridus J.H. van Hoof, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993.


-        Robin C.A. White, Clare Ovey, European Convention on Human Rights, Oxford University Press 2010.


-        Ronald St. J. MacDonald, “Derogations under Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 36/1998.


-        Ronald St.J. Macdonald, Franz Matscher, Herbert Petzold, The European System for the protection of human rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993.


-        Scope of Article 8 see European Court of Human Rights, Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights - Right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence, 31 August 2022.


-        Toni Pfanner, “Asymmetrical warfare from the perspective of humanitarian law and humanitarian action”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 87, 2005.


-        Torkel Opsahl, “Emergency Derogation from Human Rights”, Mennesker og Rettigheter, 5/1987.


-        Uliana Koruts, Roman Maksymovych, Olha Shtykun, “Legal Grounds for Restrictions of Human Rights in the European Court of Human Rights Case-Law”, Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 4/2021.


 


Legal sources


-        Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms - European Convention on Human Rights, Council of Europe, Rome, 4 November 1950.


-        International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nation General Assembly Resolution 2200A, New York, 16 December 1966.


-        International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, United Nation General Assembly Resolution 2200A, New York, 16 December 1966.


-        Protocol no. 13 to the Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms concerning the abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances, Vilnius, 3 May 2002.


-        Protocol No. 15 amending the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 24 June 2013.


-        Protocol no. 6 to the Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms concerning the abolition of the death penalty, as amended by Protocol no. 11, Strasbourg, 28 April 1983


-        Protocol no. 7 to the Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as amended by Protocol no. 11, Strasbourg, 22 November 1984.


-        The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nation General Assembly, Paris, 10 December 1948.


 


 


The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights


-        A. and Others v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 3455/05, Judgment of 19 February 2009.


-        Alparslan Altan v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 12778/17, Judgment of 09 September 2019.


-        Boughanemi v. France, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 22070/93, Judgment of 24 April 1996.


-        Brannigan and McBride v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 14554/89, Judgment of 25 May 1993.


-        Caruana v. Malta, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 41079/19, Decision as to the Admissibility of 15 May 2018.


-        Cyprus v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 6780/74, Report of the Commission of 10 July 1976.


-        Cyprus v. Turkey. European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 8007/77, Report of the Commission of 4 October 1983.


-        Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands v. Greece, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 3321/67, Judgment of 5 November 1969.


-        Greece v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 176/56, Report of the European Commission of Human Rights (Article 31 of the Convention) of 26 September 1958.


-        Grzeda v. Poland, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 43572/18, Judgment of 15 March 2022.


-        Guhn v. Poland, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 45519/20.


-        Handyside v. United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 5493/72, Judgment of 4 November 1976.


-        Ireland v. The United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 5310/71, Judgment of 18 January 1978.


-        Khoroshenko v. Russia, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 41418/04, Judgment of 30 June 2015.


-        Kuimov v. Russia, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 32147/04, Judgment of 8 January 2009.


-        Lawless v. Ireland, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 332/57, Judgment of 1 July 1961.


-        Marckx v. Belgium, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 6833/74, Judgment of 13 June 1979.


-        Mehmet Hasan Altan v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 13237/17, Judgment of 20 March 2018.


-        Michalski v. Poland, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 34180/20.


-        Nitecki v. Poland, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 65653/01, Decision as to the Admissibility of 21 March 2002.


-        Novotná v. the Czech Republic, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 3867/14, Judgment of 8 April 2021.


-        Sahin Alpay v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 16538/17, Judgment of 20 June 2018.


-        Schmidt v. Germany, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 32352/02, Decision as to the Admissibility of 5 January 2006.


-        Sommerfeld v. Germany, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 31871/96, Judgment of 8 July 2003.


-        Susnescu v. Romania, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 19034/21.


-        Vasileva v. Bulgaria, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 23796/10, Judgment of 17 March 2016.


-        Vavrička v. The Czech Republic, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 47621/13, Judgment of 8 April 2021.


 


Internet sources


-        Sean Molloy, Covid-19 and Derogation Before the European Court of Human Rights, https://verfassungsblog.de/covid-19-and-derogations-before-the-european-court-of-human-rights, accessed date 16.11.2022.


-        The effects of digital contact on children’s well-being: evidence from public and private contexts, https://www.nuffieldfjo.org.uk/resource/digital-contact-childrens-wellbeing , accessed date 17.11.2022.


-        The Ministry of the Republic of Latvia, Note verbale, 15 March 2020, https://rm.coe.int/09000016809ce9f2, accessed date 16.11.2022.


 


-        The Ministry of the Republic of Serbia, Note verbale, 6 April 2020, https://rm.coe.int/09000016809e1d98, accessed date 16.11.2022.

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2023/02/27
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