Bavljenje demografijom. Imigraciona ograničenja u Sjedinjenim Državama 1880-1930 i literatura o isključivanju
Sažetak
U radu se istražuju ograničenja imigracije u Sjedinjenim Državama od oko 1880. do 1930. godine, sa naglaskom na retorici i argumentima koje su koristili pristalice ograničavanja priliva imigranata. Posle 1890. godine, rastao je procenat doseljenika iz južne i istočne Evrope. Očekivana rezultirajuća demografska promena bila je zabrinjavajuća za tradicionalističke Amerikance i za radnički pokret. Pa ipak, njihova zemlja je uvek napredovala zahvaljujući dolascima iz inostranstva. Kako su mogli da formulišu mehanizme isključivanja koji su pravili razliku između ljudi koji su slični njima i onih koji su doneli nešto novo? Rasistički konzervacionista Medison Grant oslanjao se na antropologiju i istoriju za svoju tvrdnju da su Amerikanci velika fuzija pionira iz severne Evrope. Istoričar i novinar Lotrop Stodard nastavio je ovu liniju razmišljanja. Obojica su bili pristalice eugenike, doktrine koja se koristila za „fino podešavanje“ rasističkih diskursa. Eugenika je postala faktor tek u poslednje dve decenije tog perioda. Radnički pokret i drugi su mnogo pre toga tražili ograničenja imigracije, podstaknuti na akciju posebno dolaskom kineskih radnika. Pamflet „Meat vs Rice“ vođa Američke federacije rada Semjuela Gompersa i Hermana Gutštata, prvobitno objavljen 1902. godine, sadržavao je grubi rasizam sa idejom da ograniči kinesku konkurenciju na tržištu rada. Društvo je povuklo liniju razdvajanja između onih koji su mogli postati Amerikanci i onih koji nisu mogli, potkrepljeno Zakonom o naturalizaciji iz 1870. i Zakonima o isključenju Kineza iz 1882. i 1902. godine. Negativni stavovi protiv imigranata iz manje poznatih mesta imali su značajan uticaj na Zakon o imigraciji iz 1924. godine. Iznosi se tvrdnja da su intelektualci iz severnih delova SAD često shvatali Ameriku kao vrstu britanske republike, u kojoj su srodni narodi bili vredni i koji su mogli biti asimilirani.
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