Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery: a focused review
Short title: ICA hypoplasia
Keywords:
internal carotid artery, bilateral hypoplasia, anatomy-physiology status, diagnostic preconditions, associated pathology
Abstract
Introduction: The internal carotid artery (ICA) is a paired artery that primarily supplies the anterior two-thirds of the brain, the pituitary gland, the sense of sight, and some other cranial structures.
Aim: The ICA variations or abnormalities were more or less described; especially, bilateral ICA hypoplasia (ICAH) was a very rare description that inspired authors to its evaluation.
Methods: The definition of ICAH was based on an artery diameter smaller than 3 mm. Human cases of bilateral ICAH were found by using the corresponding keywords in online bases.
Results: Only 64 cases (28 females, 19 males, and 17 cited cases) were found. Some (ab)normal morphological features such as a narrowing of the ICA beyond a normal initial cervical subpart, the presence of a hypertrophic collateral network, small carotid canals, ICA termination in the ophthalmic artery, an increase of the total flow volume in the vertebral arteries, and a possibility of ICA occlusion and/or cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage at an unusually early age were evidenced. The statistical analysis of cases of known age and gender was performed. A comparison between the main morphological and pathological findings of bilateral hypoplasia and bilateral absence of the ICA has been done.
Conclusion: The literature on the ICAH topic provides confirmative and contradictory examples of suggested bilateral ICAH criteria. Some shapes of cranial hemorrhage and/or aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system in patients have been proven. Paradoxically, aneurysms occurred more frequently in ICAH than in a similar number of bilateral ICA absence cases.
References
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18. El Khamlichi A, Amrani F, el Azzusi M, et al. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries associated with aneurysm of the right posterior communicating artery. A propos of a case] (Abstract). Neurochirurgie. 1989; 35: 23−30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2654680/
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21. Gupta B, Yadav R, Singhal M, et al. A rare case report of bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia in postpartum female: Clinical spectrum and role of various modalities in diagnosis. Brain Circ. 2016; 2: 99−103. https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-8108.186286
22. Herwadkar A. A case of carotid rete mirabile associated with basilar tip aneurysm. Intervent Neuroradiol. 2006; 12: 161−164. https://doi.org/10.1177/159101990601200211
23. Junġ BO, Lee JI, Choi JH, et al. Congenital hypoplasia of the bilateral internal carotid artery – a case report. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2002; 31: 282−284. https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=2802
24. Kim D-S, Kang S-G, Yoo D-S, et al. Ruptured right posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm associated with hypoplasia of the right vertebral artery and both internal carotid arteries. Br J Neurosurg. 2009; 23: 551–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688690802669369
25. Kubis N, Zuber M, Méder JF, Mas JL. CT scan of the skull base in internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1996; 6: 40−44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107991
26. Occleshaw JV, Garland P. Bilateral rete carotidis. Br J Radiol. 1969; 42: 851−853. https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-42-503-851
27. Okita R, Maeshima S, Ozaki F, et al. Cerebral aneurysm in a patient with aplasia of the internal carotid arteries. J Neurol. 2001; 248: 227−228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150170231
28. Osborn RE, Mojtahedi S, Hay TC, DeWitt JD. Internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Comput Radiol. 1986; 10: 283−287. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3545668/
29. Pacheco Perea E, Lerma C, Flores Batres A, et al. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery. Acta Neurol Belg. 2023; 123(1): 255‒257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-021-01781-4
30. Sánchez-Montaño M, Guerrero-Amador FI, Herrera-Sánchez A. [Bilateral hypoplasia of internal carotid arteries: a case report]. Ann Radiol México. 2016; 15: 161–164. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenI.cgi?IDARTICULO=65994
31. Smith KR Jr, Nelson JS, Dooley JM Jr. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries, in: page 1149. Neurology. 1968; 18: 1149−1156. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.18.12.1149
32. Vaghela DU, Jain AS, Jain TP. Bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia associated with Down's syndrome: a case report. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2002; 12: 523–525. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289426182_Bilateral_internal_carotid_artery_hypoplasia_associated_with_Down's_syndrome_-_A_case_report
33. Vasseur M, Casseur-Nicol B, Ebran JM, et al. Carotid rete mirabile and pseudoxanthoma elasticum: an accidental association? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011; 42: 292–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.05.007
34. Volpe A, Elefante A, De Marco A, et al. Ipoplasia bilaterale delle arterie carotidi interne associata ad aneurisma intracranico. Descrizione di un caso. Riv Neuroradiol. 2003; 16(Suppl 1): 143–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009030160S153
35. Watanabe A, Omata T, Koizumi H, et al. Bony carotid canal hypoplasia in patients with moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010; 5: 591–594. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.3.PEDS09417
36. Zhu L, Xu N, Li Y. Monocular central retinal artery occlusion caused by bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia complicated with patent foramen ovale: a case report and review of literature. Eur J Med Res. 2021; 26: 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00530-w.
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Published
2025/11/20
Section
Pregledni rad / Review article