Bilateralna hipoplazija unutrašnje karotidne arterije: fokusirani pregled
Skraćeni naslov: Hipoplazija ACI
Ključne reči:
unutrašnja karotidna arterija, bilateralna hipoplazija, anatomsko-fiziološki status, dijagnostički preduslovi, pridružena patologija
Sažetak
Uvod: Unutrašnja karotidna arterija (a. carotis interna ‒ ACI) je parna arterija koja prvenstveno snabdeva prednje dve trećine mozga, hipofizu, čulo vida i neke druge strukture lobanje.
Cilj: Varijacije ili abnormalnosti ACI su manje-više opisane; mimo toga, bilateralna hipoplazija ACI (ACIH) je veoma retko opisivana, što je inspirisalo autore da je ispitaju.
Metode: Definicija ACIH je zasnovana na prečniku arterije manjem od 3 mm. Slučajevi bilateralne ICAH kod ljudi nađeni su korišćenjem odgovarajućih ključnih reči u onlajn bazama.
Rezultati: Pronađena su samo 64 slučaja (28 žena, 19 muškaraca i 17 citiranih slučajeva). Neke (ab)normalne morfološke karakteristike kao što su suženje ACI izvan normalnog inicijalnog cervikalnog dela, prisustvo hipertrofične kolateralne mreže, mali karotidni kanali, završetak ACI u oftalmičkoj arteriji, povećanje ukupnog protoka u vertebralnim arterijama, a dokazana je i mogućnost okluzije ACI i/ili cerebralne ishemije ili krvarenja u neobično ranom dobu. Urađena je statistička analiza slučajeva poznate starosti i pola. Urađeno je poređenje između glavnih morfoloških i patoloških nalaza bilateralne hipoplazije i bilateralnog odsustva ACI.
Zaključak: Literatura o temi ACIH daje potvrdne i kontradiktorne primere predloženih bilateralnih kriterijuma ACIH. Dokazani su neki oblici kranijalnog krvarenja i/ili aneurizme vertebrobazilarnog sistema kod pacijenata. Paradoksalno, aneurizme su se češće javljale u ACIH nego u sličnom broju bilateralnih slučajeva odsustva ACI.
Reference
1. Carels K, Cornelissen SA, Robben D, et al. Smaller caliber of the internal carotid artery in patients with ipsilateral aplasia of the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery: a study with CTA. Acta Neurol Belg. 2018; 118: 297–302. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13760-018-0935-7
2. Jeanmart L. Study of the cerebral vascularization of the human fetus by transumbilical angiography. Angiology. 1974; 25: 334−349. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000331977402500505
3. Krejza J, Arkuszewski M, Kasner SE, et al. Carotid artery diameter in men and women and the relation to body and neck size. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1103–1105. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.STR.0000206440.48756.f7
4. Omarjee L, Fortrat J-O, Larralde A, et al. Internal carotid artery hypoplasia. A new clinical feature in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. J Stroke. 2019; 21: 108−111. https://j-stroke.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5853/jos.2018.02705
5. Kane AG, Dillon WP, Barkovich AJ, et al. Reduced caliber of the internal carotid artery: a normal finding with ipsilateral absence or hypoplasia of the A1 segment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996; 17: 1295–1301. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8871715/
6. Siddiqui AA, Sobani ZA. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery presenting as a subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to intracranial aneurysmal formation: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012; 6: 45. https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-6-45
7. Takeuchi K, Shimizu K. Hypoplasia of bilateral internal carotid artery. No To Shinke. 1957; 9: 37–43. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571417124788089344
8. Oshima H, Katayama Y. Discovery of cerebrovascular moyamoya disease: research during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012; 28: 497–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-012-1708-x
9. Hypoplasia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoplasia. Accessed 9 October 2021
10. Zink WE, Komotar RJ, Meyers PM. Internal carotid aplasia/hypoplasia and intracranial saccular aneurysms: series of three new cases and systematic review. J Neuroimaging. 2007; 17: 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2007.00092.x
11. Yaguchi M, Yaguchi H, Sugai Y. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery. Neurol Clin Neurosci. 2019; 7: 225–226. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ncn3.12303
12. Aktaş HA, Farımaz M, Fırat A, Göçmen R. Rare congenital anomalies of the internal carotid artery: anatomic and radiologic aspects of three cases and review of the literature. Surg Radiol Anat. 2020; 42: 1363–1370. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-020-02549-w
13. Araki Y, Imai S, Saitoh A, et al. [A case of carotid rete mirabile associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a case report] (Abstract). No to Shinkei. 1986; 38: 495−500. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3741712/
14. Briganti F, Maiuri F, Tortora F, Elefante A. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries with basilar aneurysm. Neuroradiology. 2004; 46: 838–841.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3741712/
15. Caldas MA, Grilo LB, Soares LP, et al. Bilateral internal carotid hypoplasia in an asymptomatic patient. Case report. Arq Bras Cardiol Imagem Cardiovasc. 2019; 32: 331−333. https://www.abcimaging.org/article/bilateral-internal-carotid-artery-hypoplasia-in-asymptomatic-patient-case-report/
16. Chen P-Y, Liu H-Y, Lim K-e, Lin S-K. Internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Role of color-coded carotid duplex sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2015; 34: 1839–1851. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.7863/ultra.14.08044
17. Danziger J, Bloch S, Hefer AG. Bilateral rete carotidis in man - a case report. S Afr Med J. 1972; 46: 1487−1488. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4637803/
18. El Khamlichi A, Amrani F, el Azzusi M, et al. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries associated with aneurysm of the right posterior communicating artery. A propos of a case] (Abstract). Neurochirurgie. 1989; 35: 23−30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2654680/
19. El Kharas A, Zioua T, Kouki S, et al. NR45 Hypoplasie bilatérale des carotides internes associée à un volumineux anévrisme de la terminaison basilaire . À propos d’une observation (Abstract). J Radiologie. 2006; 87: 1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0221-0363(06)87735-8
20. Galligioni F, Andrioli GC, Marin G, et al. Hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery associated with cerebral pseudoangiomatosis. Report of 4 cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971; 112: 251−262. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.112.2.251
21. Gupta B, Yadav R, Singhal M, et al. A rare case report of bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia in postpartum female: Clinical spectrum and role of various modalities in diagnosis. Brain Circ. 2016; 2: 99−103. https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-8108.186286
22. Herwadkar A. A case of carotid rete mirabile associated with basilar tip aneurysm. Intervent Neuroradiol. 2006; 12: 161−164. https://doi.org/10.1177/159101990601200211
23. Junġ BO, Lee JI, Choi JH, et al. Congenital hypoplasia of the bilateral internal carotid artery – a case report. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2002; 31: 282−284. https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=2802
24. Kim D-S, Kang S-G, Yoo D-S, et al. Ruptured right posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm associated with hypoplasia of the right vertebral artery and both internal carotid arteries. Br J Neurosurg. 2009; 23: 551–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688690802669369
25. Kubis N, Zuber M, Méder JF, Mas JL. CT scan of the skull base in internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1996; 6: 40−44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107991
26. Occleshaw JV, Garland P. Bilateral rete carotidis. Br J Radiol. 1969; 42: 851−853. https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-42-503-851
27. Okita R, Maeshima S, Ozaki F, et al. Cerebral aneurysm in a patient with aplasia of the internal carotid arteries. J Neurol. 2001; 248: 227−228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150170231
28. Osborn RE, Mojtahedi S, Hay TC, DeWitt JD. Internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Comput Radiol. 1986; 10: 283−287. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3545668/
29. Pacheco Perea E, Lerma C, Flores Batres A, et al. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery. Acta Neurol Belg. 2023; 123(1): 255‒257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-021-01781-4
30. Sánchez-Montaño M, Guerrero-Amador FI, Herrera-Sánchez A. [Bilateral hypoplasia of internal carotid arteries: a case report]. Ann Radiol México. 2016; 15: 161–164. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenI.cgi?IDARTICULO=65994
31. Smith KR Jr, Nelson JS, Dooley JM Jr. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries, in: page 1149. Neurology. 1968; 18: 1149−1156. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.18.12.1149
32. Vaghela DU, Jain AS, Jain TP. Bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia associated with Down's syndrome: a case report. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2002; 12: 523–525. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289426182_Bilateral_internal_carotid_artery_hypoplasia_associated_with_Down's_syndrome_-_A_case_report
33. Vasseur M, Casseur-Nicol B, Ebran JM, et al. Carotid rete mirabile and pseudoxanthoma elasticum: an accidental association? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011; 42: 292–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.05.007
34. Volpe A, Elefante A, De Marco A, et al. Ipoplasia bilaterale delle arterie carotidi interne associata ad aneurisma intracranico. Descrizione di un caso. Riv Neuroradiol. 2003; 16(Suppl 1): 143–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009030160S153
35. Watanabe A, Omata T, Koizumi H, et al. Bony carotid canal hypoplasia in patients with moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010; 5: 591–594. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.3.PEDS09417
36. Zhu L, Xu N, Li Y. Monocular central retinal artery occlusion caused by bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia complicated with patent foramen ovale: a case report and review of literature. Eur J Med Res. 2021; 26: 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00530-w.
37. Lath N, Taneja M. Bilateral congenital hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries. J HK Coll Radiol. 2008; 11: 129−131. https://www.hkjr.org/article/v11n3/bilateral
38. Taşar M, Yetişer S, Taşar A, et al. Congenital absence or hypoplasia of the carotid artery: radioclinical issues. Am J Otolaryngol. 2004; 25: 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2004.04.008
39. Lee J-H, Oh CW, Lee SH, Han DH. Aplasia of the internal carotid artery. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003; 145: 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-002-1046-y
40. Fujikane M, Katayama S, Yokota N, et al. [Klinefelter syndrome accompanied by hypoplasia of the bilateral internal carotid arteries--a case report] (Abstract). Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1994; 34: 391−395. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8026138/
41. Austin JH, Stears JC. Familial hypoplasia of both internal carotid arteries. Arch Neurol. 1971; 24: 1−10. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1971.00480310029001
42. Akfirat M, Cihangiroglu M, Özdemir H, et al. Internal carotid hypoplasia in two cases. Clin Radiol. 2002; 57: 951−954. https://doi.org/10.1053/crad.2002.1067
43. Bhat DI, Somanna S, Kovoor JM. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2011; 21: 257−260. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.90682
44. Zhang Z-Y, Sato S, Liu L, et al. Congenital hypoplasia of bilateral internal carotid artery with migraine-like headache with aura. Chin Med J. 2015; 128: 421–422. https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.150125
45. Hawkins TD, Scott WC. Bilateral rete carotidis in man. Clin Radiol. 1967; 18: 163−165. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(67)80011-4
46. Jones RR, Wetzel N. Bilateral carotid vertebrobasilar rete mirabile. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1970; 33: 581−586. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1970.33.5.0581
47. Vuia O, Alexianu M, Gabor S. Hypoplasia and obstruction of the circle of Willis in a case of atypical cerebral hemorrhage and its relationship to Nishimoto's disease. Neurology. 1970; 20: 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.20.4.361
48. Guegan Y, Kerdiles Y, Fardoun R, Pecker J. Extra-intracranial anastomosis using a venous graft. Acta Neurochir. 1981; 59: 177−185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01406347
49. Erdem Y, Yilmaz A, Ergün E, et al. Bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia and multiple posterior circulation aneurysms. Importance of 3DCTA for the diagnosis. Turk Neurosurg. 2009; 19: 168−171. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19431129/
50. Kawai K, Takahashi H, Ikuta F, et al. Bilateral hypoplastic internal carotid arteries with multiple cerebral aneurysms (Abstract). Clin Neuropathol. 1989; 8: 272−275. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2620480/
51. Luk YS, Man EMW, Sy ANL. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries. Singapore Med J. 2010; 51: e163−165. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20938603/
52. Kato H, Nagata K, Kawamura S, et al. [Vascular and metabolic reserve in a case of hypoplasia of bilateral internal carotid arteries] (Abstract). Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2000; 40: 1096−1100. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11332189/
53. Agarwal H, Reddi R, Walia B, Chough C. Bilateral carotid hypoplasia with multiple posterior circulation aneurysms. Neurol India. 2019; 67: 333−334. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.253613
54. Van den Zvan A, Fossen A. Une malformation du cercle de Willis [An abnormality of the circle of Willis]. Neurochirurgie. 1962; 8: 345–348. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14004127/
55. Arnould G. Angiomatose carotidienne réalisant un réseau admirable. A propos de deux cas. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1967; 116: 358–366.
56. Michel D, Aimard G, Goutelle A, et al. [A series of 11 cases of bilateral thrombosis of the internal carotid artery. Discussion about the aspect of bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries in 3 cases]. J Méd Lyon. 1971; 52: 5–61. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/5156975/
57. Ernest C, Hirsch JF, Metzger I, et al. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid with persistance of an admirable network. Apropos of a case in an adult]. Nouv Presse Med. 1973; 2: 1655–1658. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4718070/
58. Guy G, Elouatassi K, Lancien G, et al. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries. Apropos of an anatomo-clinical case]. Sem Hop. 1974; 50: 809−818. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4367937/
59. Ebner F. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery] (Abstract). Radiologe. 1982; 22: 400–404. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7134422/
60. Lambert P, Gozet G, Roger J. [Hypoplasia of both internal carotid arteries]. Lille Med. 1973; 18: 40−42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4711680/
61. Lányi A, Drobný M. [Bilateral hypoplasia and occlusion of the internal carotid artery of non-arteriosclerotic origin]. Cesk Radiol. 1983; 37: 82−88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6850923/
62. Morimoto A. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery associated with carotid rete mirabile. Rinsho Hoshasen. 1987; 32: 178−179. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571417124232057984
63. Okuno T, Nishiguchi T, Hayashi S, et al. [A case of carotid superior cerebellar artery anastomosis associated with bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery represented as the rupture of posterior cerebral artery-posterior communicating artery aneurysm] (Abstract). No Shinkei Geka. 1988; 16: 1211−1217. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3060752/
64. Rasalkar DD, Chu WCW, Paunipagar BK. Multiple intracranial vascular anomalies in a patient with hypoplasia/aplasia of the internal carotid arteries, Moyamoya collateralisation, and aneurysms of the posterior fossa circulation. J HK Coll Radiol. 2010; 12: 127–130. https://www.hkjr.org/article/v12n3/multiple
65. Jung H, Ahn YB, Lee SK, Park MS. Bilateral hypoplasia of internal carotid arteries associated with intracranial aneurysm: report of two cases. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 1996; 25: 211–216. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/wpr-206428
66. Vasović L, Trandafilović M, Vlajković S, Radenković G. Congenital absence of the bilateral internal carotid artery: a review of the associated (ab)normalities from a newborn status to the eighth decade of life. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018; 34: 35−49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-017-3629-1
67. Vasović L. Bilateral absence of the internal carotid artery versus bilateral absence of the vertebral artery. FU Med Biol. 2020; 22: 7–9. http://doi.org/10.22190/FUMB200229001V
68. Variation. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/variation Accessed 27 Apr 2023.
69. Abnormality. https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abnormality Accessed 14 May 2023.
70. Georgiadi E, Papavasileiou G, Sfyroeras GS. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery and ectasia of the internal jugular vein. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2023; 9: 101252. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2023.101252. eCollection.
2. Jeanmart L. Study of the cerebral vascularization of the human fetus by transumbilical angiography. Angiology. 1974; 25: 334−349. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000331977402500505
3. Krejza J, Arkuszewski M, Kasner SE, et al. Carotid artery diameter in men and women and the relation to body and neck size. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1103–1105. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.STR.0000206440.48756.f7
4. Omarjee L, Fortrat J-O, Larralde A, et al. Internal carotid artery hypoplasia. A new clinical feature in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. J Stroke. 2019; 21: 108−111. https://j-stroke.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5853/jos.2018.02705
5. Kane AG, Dillon WP, Barkovich AJ, et al. Reduced caliber of the internal carotid artery: a normal finding with ipsilateral absence or hypoplasia of the A1 segment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996; 17: 1295–1301. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8871715/
6. Siddiqui AA, Sobani ZA. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery presenting as a subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to intracranial aneurysmal formation: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012; 6: 45. https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-6-45
7. Takeuchi K, Shimizu K. Hypoplasia of bilateral internal carotid artery. No To Shinke. 1957; 9: 37–43. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571417124788089344
8. Oshima H, Katayama Y. Discovery of cerebrovascular moyamoya disease: research during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012; 28: 497–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-012-1708-x
9. Hypoplasia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoplasia. Accessed 9 October 2021
10. Zink WE, Komotar RJ, Meyers PM. Internal carotid aplasia/hypoplasia and intracranial saccular aneurysms: series of three new cases and systematic review. J Neuroimaging. 2007; 17: 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2007.00092.x
11. Yaguchi M, Yaguchi H, Sugai Y. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery. Neurol Clin Neurosci. 2019; 7: 225–226. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ncn3.12303
12. Aktaş HA, Farımaz M, Fırat A, Göçmen R. Rare congenital anomalies of the internal carotid artery: anatomic and radiologic aspects of three cases and review of the literature. Surg Radiol Anat. 2020; 42: 1363–1370. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-020-02549-w
13. Araki Y, Imai S, Saitoh A, et al. [A case of carotid rete mirabile associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a case report] (Abstract). No to Shinkei. 1986; 38: 495−500. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3741712/
14. Briganti F, Maiuri F, Tortora F, Elefante A. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries with basilar aneurysm. Neuroradiology. 2004; 46: 838–841.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3741712/
15. Caldas MA, Grilo LB, Soares LP, et al. Bilateral internal carotid hypoplasia in an asymptomatic patient. Case report. Arq Bras Cardiol Imagem Cardiovasc. 2019; 32: 331−333. https://www.abcimaging.org/article/bilateral-internal-carotid-artery-hypoplasia-in-asymptomatic-patient-case-report/
16. Chen P-Y, Liu H-Y, Lim K-e, Lin S-K. Internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Role of color-coded carotid duplex sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2015; 34: 1839–1851. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.7863/ultra.14.08044
17. Danziger J, Bloch S, Hefer AG. Bilateral rete carotidis in man - a case report. S Afr Med J. 1972; 46: 1487−1488. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4637803/
18. El Khamlichi A, Amrani F, el Azzusi M, et al. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries associated with aneurysm of the right posterior communicating artery. A propos of a case] (Abstract). Neurochirurgie. 1989; 35: 23−30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2654680/
19. El Kharas A, Zioua T, Kouki S, et al. NR45 Hypoplasie bilatérale des carotides internes associée à un volumineux anévrisme de la terminaison basilaire . À propos d’une observation (Abstract). J Radiologie. 2006; 87: 1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0221-0363(06)87735-8
20. Galligioni F, Andrioli GC, Marin G, et al. Hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery associated with cerebral pseudoangiomatosis. Report of 4 cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971; 112: 251−262. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.112.2.251
21. Gupta B, Yadav R, Singhal M, et al. A rare case report of bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia in postpartum female: Clinical spectrum and role of various modalities in diagnosis. Brain Circ. 2016; 2: 99−103. https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-8108.186286
22. Herwadkar A. A case of carotid rete mirabile associated with basilar tip aneurysm. Intervent Neuroradiol. 2006; 12: 161−164. https://doi.org/10.1177/159101990601200211
23. Junġ BO, Lee JI, Choi JH, et al. Congenital hypoplasia of the bilateral internal carotid artery – a case report. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2002; 31: 282−284. https://www.jkns.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=2802
24. Kim D-S, Kang S-G, Yoo D-S, et al. Ruptured right posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm associated with hypoplasia of the right vertebral artery and both internal carotid arteries. Br J Neurosurg. 2009; 23: 551–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688690802669369
25. Kubis N, Zuber M, Méder JF, Mas JL. CT scan of the skull base in internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1996; 6: 40−44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107991
26. Occleshaw JV, Garland P. Bilateral rete carotidis. Br J Radiol. 1969; 42: 851−853. https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-42-503-851
27. Okita R, Maeshima S, Ozaki F, et al. Cerebral aneurysm in a patient with aplasia of the internal carotid arteries. J Neurol. 2001; 248: 227−228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150170231
28. Osborn RE, Mojtahedi S, Hay TC, DeWitt JD. Internal carotid artery hypoplasia. Comput Radiol. 1986; 10: 283−287. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3545668/
29. Pacheco Perea E, Lerma C, Flores Batres A, et al. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery. Acta Neurol Belg. 2023; 123(1): 255‒257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-021-01781-4
30. Sánchez-Montaño M, Guerrero-Amador FI, Herrera-Sánchez A. [Bilateral hypoplasia of internal carotid arteries: a case report]. Ann Radiol México. 2016; 15: 161–164. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenI.cgi?IDARTICULO=65994
31. Smith KR Jr, Nelson JS, Dooley JM Jr. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries, in: page 1149. Neurology. 1968; 18: 1149−1156. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.18.12.1149
32. Vaghela DU, Jain AS, Jain TP. Bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia associated with Down's syndrome: a case report. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2002; 12: 523–525. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289426182_Bilateral_internal_carotid_artery_hypoplasia_associated_with_Down's_syndrome_-_A_case_report
33. Vasseur M, Casseur-Nicol B, Ebran JM, et al. Carotid rete mirabile and pseudoxanthoma elasticum: an accidental association? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011; 42: 292–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.05.007
34. Volpe A, Elefante A, De Marco A, et al. Ipoplasia bilaterale delle arterie carotidi interne associata ad aneurisma intracranico. Descrizione di un caso. Riv Neuroradiol. 2003; 16(Suppl 1): 143–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/19714009030160S153
35. Watanabe A, Omata T, Koizumi H, et al. Bony carotid canal hypoplasia in patients with moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010; 5: 591–594. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.3.PEDS09417
36. Zhu L, Xu N, Li Y. Monocular central retinal artery occlusion caused by bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia complicated with patent foramen ovale: a case report and review of literature. Eur J Med Res. 2021; 26: 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00530-w.
37. Lath N, Taneja M. Bilateral congenital hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries. J HK Coll Radiol. 2008; 11: 129−131. https://www.hkjr.org/article/v11n3/bilateral
38. Taşar M, Yetişer S, Taşar A, et al. Congenital absence or hypoplasia of the carotid artery: radioclinical issues. Am J Otolaryngol. 2004; 25: 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2004.04.008
39. Lee J-H, Oh CW, Lee SH, Han DH. Aplasia of the internal carotid artery. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003; 145: 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-002-1046-y
40. Fujikane M, Katayama S, Yokota N, et al. [Klinefelter syndrome accompanied by hypoplasia of the bilateral internal carotid arteries--a case report] (Abstract). Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1994; 34: 391−395. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8026138/
41. Austin JH, Stears JC. Familial hypoplasia of both internal carotid arteries. Arch Neurol. 1971; 24: 1−10. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1971.00480310029001
42. Akfirat M, Cihangiroglu M, Özdemir H, et al. Internal carotid hypoplasia in two cases. Clin Radiol. 2002; 57: 951−954. https://doi.org/10.1053/crad.2002.1067
43. Bhat DI, Somanna S, Kovoor JM. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2011; 21: 257−260. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.90682
44. Zhang Z-Y, Sato S, Liu L, et al. Congenital hypoplasia of bilateral internal carotid artery with migraine-like headache with aura. Chin Med J. 2015; 128: 421–422. https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.150125
45. Hawkins TD, Scott WC. Bilateral rete carotidis in man. Clin Radiol. 1967; 18: 163−165. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(67)80011-4
46. Jones RR, Wetzel N. Bilateral carotid vertebrobasilar rete mirabile. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1970; 33: 581−586. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1970.33.5.0581
47. Vuia O, Alexianu M, Gabor S. Hypoplasia and obstruction of the circle of Willis in a case of atypical cerebral hemorrhage and its relationship to Nishimoto's disease. Neurology. 1970; 20: 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.20.4.361
48. Guegan Y, Kerdiles Y, Fardoun R, Pecker J. Extra-intracranial anastomosis using a venous graft. Acta Neurochir. 1981; 59: 177−185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01406347
49. Erdem Y, Yilmaz A, Ergün E, et al. Bilateral internal carotid artery hypoplasia and multiple posterior circulation aneurysms. Importance of 3DCTA for the diagnosis. Turk Neurosurg. 2009; 19: 168−171. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19431129/
50. Kawai K, Takahashi H, Ikuta F, et al. Bilateral hypoplastic internal carotid arteries with multiple cerebral aneurysms (Abstract). Clin Neuropathol. 1989; 8: 272−275. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2620480/
51. Luk YS, Man EMW, Sy ANL. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries. Singapore Med J. 2010; 51: e163−165. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20938603/
52. Kato H, Nagata K, Kawamura S, et al. [Vascular and metabolic reserve in a case of hypoplasia of bilateral internal carotid arteries] (Abstract). Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2000; 40: 1096−1100. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11332189/
53. Agarwal H, Reddi R, Walia B, Chough C. Bilateral carotid hypoplasia with multiple posterior circulation aneurysms. Neurol India. 2019; 67: 333−334. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.253613
54. Van den Zvan A, Fossen A. Une malformation du cercle de Willis [An abnormality of the circle of Willis]. Neurochirurgie. 1962; 8: 345–348. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14004127/
55. Arnould G. Angiomatose carotidienne réalisant un réseau admirable. A propos de deux cas. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1967; 116: 358–366.
56. Michel D, Aimard G, Goutelle A, et al. [A series of 11 cases of bilateral thrombosis of the internal carotid artery. Discussion about the aspect of bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries in 3 cases]. J Méd Lyon. 1971; 52: 5–61. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/5156975/
57. Ernest C, Hirsch JF, Metzger I, et al. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid with persistance of an admirable network. Apropos of a case in an adult]. Nouv Presse Med. 1973; 2: 1655–1658. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4718070/
58. Guy G, Elouatassi K, Lancien G, et al. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries. Apropos of an anatomo-clinical case]. Sem Hop. 1974; 50: 809−818. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4367937/
59. Ebner F. [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery] (Abstract). Radiologe. 1982; 22: 400–404. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7134422/
60. Lambert P, Gozet G, Roger J. [Hypoplasia of both internal carotid arteries]. Lille Med. 1973; 18: 40−42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4711680/
61. Lányi A, Drobný M. [Bilateral hypoplasia and occlusion of the internal carotid artery of non-arteriosclerotic origin]. Cesk Radiol. 1983; 37: 82−88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6850923/
62. Morimoto A. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery associated with carotid rete mirabile. Rinsho Hoshasen. 1987; 32: 178−179. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571417124232057984
63. Okuno T, Nishiguchi T, Hayashi S, et al. [A case of carotid superior cerebellar artery anastomosis associated with bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery represented as the rupture of posterior cerebral artery-posterior communicating artery aneurysm] (Abstract). No Shinkei Geka. 1988; 16: 1211−1217. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3060752/
64. Rasalkar DD, Chu WCW, Paunipagar BK. Multiple intracranial vascular anomalies in a patient with hypoplasia/aplasia of the internal carotid arteries, Moyamoya collateralisation, and aneurysms of the posterior fossa circulation. J HK Coll Radiol. 2010; 12: 127–130. https://www.hkjr.org/article/v12n3/multiple
65. Jung H, Ahn YB, Lee SK, Park MS. Bilateral hypoplasia of internal carotid arteries associated with intracranial aneurysm: report of two cases. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 1996; 25: 211–216. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/wpr-206428
66. Vasović L, Trandafilović M, Vlajković S, Radenković G. Congenital absence of the bilateral internal carotid artery: a review of the associated (ab)normalities from a newborn status to the eighth decade of life. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018; 34: 35−49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-017-3629-1
67. Vasović L. Bilateral absence of the internal carotid artery versus bilateral absence of the vertebral artery. FU Med Biol. 2020; 22: 7–9. http://doi.org/10.22190/FUMB200229001V
68. Variation. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/variation Accessed 27 Apr 2023.
69. Abnormality. https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abnormality Accessed 14 May 2023.
70. Georgiadi E, Papavasileiou G, Sfyroeras GS. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery and ectasia of the internal jugular vein. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2023; 9: 101252. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2023.101252. eCollection.
Objavljeno
2025/11/20
Broj časopisa
Rubrika
Pregledni rad / Review article