Lečenje opekotina kod dece
Opekotine kod dece
Ključne reči:
opekotine, deca, lečenje
Sažetak
Opekotine su jedan od vodećih uzroka morbiditeta i mortaliteta kod dece. Da bi se smanjili neželjeni efekti opekotina, neophodno je blagovremeno i adekvatno proceniti stepen oštećenja kod pedijatrijskih pacijenata. Ovo se pokazalo korisnim u definisanju terapijskih procedura kod dece sa ovim kliničkim stanjem. Adekvatna zamena tečnosti, ublažavanje bola i anksioznosti, kao i druga suportivna terapija mogu značajno smanjiti rizik od smrtnosti. Cilj ovog pregleda je procena stepena patofizioloških promena kod pedijatrijskih pacijenata sa opekotinama, što može pomoći u ranoj primeni odgovarajućih terapijskih procedura i poboljšanju ishoda kod ovih pacijenata.
Reference
1. World Health Organization. Burns fact sheet 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/details/burns.
2. Armstrong M, Wheeler KK, Shi J et al. Epidemiology and trend of US pediatric burn hospitalizations, 2003–2016. Burns 2021; 47: 551-9. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.05.021.
3. Saritas A, Cakir ZG, Akçay MN et al. Predictors of mortality in childhood burns: an 8-year review. J Child Health Care 2014; 18: 84-95. doi: 10.1177/1367493512470575.
4. Agbenorku P, Agbenorku M, Fiifi-Yankson PK. Pediatric burns mortality risk factors in a developing country’s tertiary burns intensive care unit. Int J Burns Trauma 2013; 3: 151-8. PMID: 23875121 PMCID: PMC3712406.
5. Palmieri TL, Taylor S, Lawless M et al. Burn center volume makes a difference for burned children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16: 319-24. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000366.
6. Rybarczyk MM, Schafer JM, Elm CM et al. A systematic review of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: Epidemiology in the WHO-defined African Region. Afr J Emerg Med 2017; 7: 30-7. doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2017.01.006.
7. Park JM, Park YS, Park I et al. Characteristics of burn injuries among children aged under six years in South Korea: data from the emergency department-based injury in-depth surveillance, 2011-2016. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0198195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198195.
8. Nassar JY, Al Qurashi AA, Albalawi I et al. Pediatric Burns: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Epidemiology, Gender Distribution, Risk Factors, Management, and Outcomes in Emergency Departments. Cureus 2023; 15: e49012. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49012.
9. Jeschke MG, Herndon DN. Burns in children: standard and new treatments. Lancet 2014; 383: 1168-78. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61093-4.
10. Lee CJ, Mahendraraj K, Houng A et al. Pediatric Burns: A Single Institution Retrospective Review of Incidence, Etiology, and Outcomes in 2273 Burn Patients (1995–2013). J Burn Care Res 2016; 37: e579–e585. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000362.
11. Van Balen NIM, Simon MH, Botman MB et al. Effectiveness of prevention programmes on the rate of burn injuries in children: a systematic review. Inj Prev 2024; 30: 68-74. doi: 10.1136/ip-2022-044827.
12. Strobel AM, Fey R. Emergency Care of Pediatric Burns. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2018; 36: 441-58. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2017.12.011.
13. Hettiaratchy S, Dziewulski P. ABC of burns: pathophysiology and types of burns. BMJ 2004; 328: 1427-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7453.1427.
14. Wolf SE, Debroy M, Herndon DN. The cornerstones and directions of pediatric burn care. Pediatr Surg Int 1997; 12: 312-20. doi: 10.1007/BF01076929.
15. Senel E, Kizilgun M, Akbiyik F et al. The evaluation of the adrenal and thyroid axes and glucose metabolism after burn injury in children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23: 481-9. doi: 10.1515/jpem.2010.079.
16. Chan MM, Chan GM. Nutritional therapy for burns in children and adults. Nutrition 2009; 25: 261-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.011.Hart DW, Wolf SE, Mlcak R et al. Persistence of muscle catabolism after severe burn. Surgery 2000; 128: 312-9. doi: 10.1067/msy.2000.108059.
17. Partain KP, Fabia R, Thakkar RK. Pediatric burn care: new techniques and outcomes. Curr Opin Pediatr 2020; 32: 405-410. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000902.
18. Mathias E, Murthy SM. Pediatric Thermal Burns and Treatment: A Review of Progress and Future Prospects. Medicines (Basel) 2017; 4: 91. doi: 10.3390/medicines4040091.
19. Fitzpatrick JC, Cioffi WG Jr. Ventilatory support following burns and smoke-inhalation injury. Respir Care Clin N Am 1997; 3: 21-49. PMID: 9390901.
20. Sen S. Pediatric inhalation injury. Burns Trauma 2017; 5: 31. doi: 10.1186/s41038-017-0097-5.
21. Mc Niece WL, Dierdorf SF. The pediatric airway. Semin Pediatr Surg 2004; 13: 152-65. doi: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2004.04.008.
22. Legrand M, Barraud D, Constant I et al. Management of severe thermal burns in the acute phase in adults and children. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2020; 39: 253-67. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.03.006.
23. McLure M, Macneil F, Wood FM et al. A Rapid Review of Burns First Aid Guidelines: Is There Consistency Across International Guidelines? Cureus 2021; 13: e15779. doi: 10.7759/cureus.15779.
24. Rawlins JM, Khan AA, Shenton AF et al. Epidemiology and outcome analysis of 208 children with burns attending an emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23: 289-93. doi: 10.1097/01.pec.0000248698.42175.2b.
25. McCormack RA, La Hei ER, Martin HC. First-aid management of minor burns in children: a prospective study of children presenting to the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney. Med J Aust 2003; 178: 31-3. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05038.x.
26. Cuttle L, Kravchuk O, Wallis B et al. An Audit of First-Aid Treatment of Pediatric Burns Patients and Their Clinical Outcome Get access Arrow. J Burn Care Res 2009; 30: 1028-34. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181bfb7d1.
27. Nguyen ATM, Chamberlain K, Holland AJA. Paediatric chemical burns: a clinical review. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180: 1359-1369. doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03905-z.
28. Othman S, Sethi HK, Cohn JE et al. Craniofacial and neck burns in the pediatric population. Burns 2020; 46: 1225-31. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.03.001.
29. Sadideen H, D’Asta F, Moiemen N et al. Does overestimation of burn size in children requiring fluid resuscitation cause any harm? J Burn Care Res 2017;3 8: e546-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0000000000000382.
30. Goverman J, Bittner EA, Friedstat JS et al. Discrepancy in initial pediatric burn estimates and its impact on fluid resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2015;36:574-9. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000185.
31. Wachtel TL, Berry CC, Wachtel EE et al. The inter-rater reliability of estimating the size of burns from various burn area chart drawings. Burns 2000; 26: 156-70. doi: 10.1016/s0305-4179(99)00047-9.
32. Chan QE, Barzi F, Cheney L et al. Burn size estimation in children: still a problem. Emerg Med Australas 2012; 24: 181-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2011.01511.x.
33. Fidkowski CW, Fuzaylov G, Sheridan RL et al. Inhalation burn injury in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; Suppl 1: 147-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02884.x.
34. Baxter CR, Shires T. Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1968; 150: 874-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb14738.x.
35. Dittrich MHM, de Carvalho WB, Lavado LE. Evaluation of the “Early” Use of Albumin in Children with Extensive Burns: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17: e280-6. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000728.
36. Warden GD. Burn shock resuscitation. World J Surg 1992; 16: 16-23. doi: 10.1007/BF02067109.
37. Huang PP, Stucky FS, Dimick AR et al. Hypertonic sodium resuscitation is associated with renal failure and death. Ann Surg 1995; 221: 543-54; discussion 554-7. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199505000-00012.
38. Sheridan RL. Burn Care for Children. Pediatr Rev 2018; 39: 273-86. doi: 10.1542/pir.2016-0179.
39. Steinvall I, Bak Z, Sjoberg F. Acute kidney injury is common, parallels organ dysfunction or failure, and carries appreciable mortality in patients with major burns: a prospective exploratory cohort study. Crit Care 2008; 12: R124. doi: 10.1186/cc7032.
40. Folkestad T, Brurberg KG, Nordhuus KM et al. Acute kidney injury in burn patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2020; 24: 2. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2710-4.
41. Wu G, Xiao Y, Wang C et al. Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Burn Injury: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38: 271-82. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000438.
42. Brusselaers N, Monstrey S, Colpaert K et al. Outcome of acute kidney injury in severe burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 915-25. doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-1861-1.
43. Clark A, Neyra JA, Madni T et al. Acute kidney injury after burn. Burns 2017; 43: 898-908. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.01.023.
44. Palmieri T, Lavrentieva A, Greenhalgh D. An assessment of acute kidney injury with modified RIFLE criteria in pediatric patients with severe burns. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 2125-9. doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1638-6.
45. Herndon D, Tompkins RG. Support of the metabolic response to burn injury. Lancet 2004; 363: 1895-902. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16360-5.
46. Rhee C, Strich JR, Chiotos K et al. Improving Sepsis Outcomes in the Era of Pay-for-Performance and Electronic Quality Measures: A Joint IDSA/ACEP/PIDS/SHEA/SHM/SIDP Position Paper. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78: 505-513. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad447.
47. Roy TK, Uniyal A, Akhilesh et al. Multifactorial pathways in burn injury-induced chronic pain: novel targets and their pharmacological modulation. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49: 12121-12132. doi: 10.1007/s11033-022-07748-9.
48. Pardesi O, Fuzaylov G. Pain management in pediatric burn patients: review of recent literature and future directions. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38: 335-47. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000470.
49. Romanowski KS, Carson J, Pape K et al. American Burn Association Guidelines on the Management of Acute Pain in the Adult Burn Patient: A Review of the Literature, a Compilation of Expert Opinion, and Next Steps. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41: 1129-1151. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa119.
50. Shiferaw A, Mola S, Gashaw A et al. Evidence-based practical guideline for procedural pain management and sedation for burn pediatrics patients undergoing wound care procedures. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 83: 104756. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104756.
51. Schmitt YS, Hoffman HG, Blough DK et al. A randomized, controlled trial of immersive virtual reality analgesia, during physical therapy for pediatric burns. Burns 2011; 37: 61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.07.007.
52. Jeffs D, Dorman D, Brown S et al. Effect of virtual reality on adolescent pain during burn wound care. J Burn Care Res 2014; 35: 395-408. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000019.
53. Kipping B, Rodger S, Miller K et al. Virtual reality for acute pain reduction in adolescents undergoing burn wound care: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Burns 2012; 38: 650-7. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.11.010.
54. Brown NJ, Kimble RM, Rodger S et al. Play and heal: randomized controlled trial of ditto™ intervention efficacy on improving re-epithelialization in pediatric burns. Burns 2014; 40: 204-13. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.11.024.
55. Armstrong M, Lun J, Groner JI et al. Mobile phone virtual reality game for pediatric home burn dressing pain management: a randomized feasibility clinical trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8: 186. doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-01150-9.
56. Xiang H, Shen J, Wheeler KK et al. Efficacy of smartphone active and passive virtual reality distraction vs standard care on burn pain among pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4: e2112082-e. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12082.
57. Jeschke MG, van Baar ME, Choudhry MA et al. Burn injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6: 11. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0145-5.
58. Demirdjian G. Adjusting a prognostic score for burned children with logistic regression. J Burn Care Rehabil 1997; 18: 313-6. doi: 10.1097/00004630-199707000-00006.
59. Rodgers GL, Mortensen J, Fisher MC et al. Predictors of infectious complications after burn injuries in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19: 990-5. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200010000-00010.
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61. Williams FN, Lee JO. Pediatric Burn Infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2021; 22: 54-7. doi: 10.1089/sur.2020.218.
62. Devrim İ, Kara A, Düzgöl M et al. Burn-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric burn patients: Time distribution of etiologic agents. Burns 2017; 43: 144-8. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.07.030.
63. Greenhalgh DG. Sepsis in the burn patient: a different problem than sepsis in the general population. Burns Trauma 2017; 5: 23. doi: 10.1186/s41038-017-0089-5.
64. Palmieri TL, Holmes JHt, Arnoldo B et al. Transfusion Requirement in Burn Care Evaluation (TRIBE): A Multicenter Randomized Prospective Trial of Blood Transfusion in Major Burn Injury. Ann Surg 2017; 266: 595-602. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002408.
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66. Palmieri TL, Holmes JH, Arnoldo B et al. Restrictive Transfusion Strategy Is More Effective in Massive Burns: Results of the TRIBE Multicenter Prospective Randomized Trial. Mil Med 2019; 184: 11-5. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usy279.
67. Mrazek AA, Simpson P, Lee JO. Nutrition in Pediatric Burns. Semin Plast Surg 2024; 38: 125-32. doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1782648.
68. Sunderman CA, Gottschlich MM, Allgeier C et al. Safety and Tolerance of Intraoperative Enteral Nutrition Support in Pediatric Burn Patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34: 728-734. doi: 10.1002/ncp.10399.
2. Armstrong M, Wheeler KK, Shi J et al. Epidemiology and trend of US pediatric burn hospitalizations, 2003–2016. Burns 2021; 47: 551-9. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.05.021.
3. Saritas A, Cakir ZG, Akçay MN et al. Predictors of mortality in childhood burns: an 8-year review. J Child Health Care 2014; 18: 84-95. doi: 10.1177/1367493512470575.
4. Agbenorku P, Agbenorku M, Fiifi-Yankson PK. Pediatric burns mortality risk factors in a developing country’s tertiary burns intensive care unit. Int J Burns Trauma 2013; 3: 151-8. PMID: 23875121 PMCID: PMC3712406.
5. Palmieri TL, Taylor S, Lawless M et al. Burn center volume makes a difference for burned children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16: 319-24. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000366.
6. Rybarczyk MM, Schafer JM, Elm CM et al. A systematic review of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: Epidemiology in the WHO-defined African Region. Afr J Emerg Med 2017; 7: 30-7. doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2017.01.006.
7. Park JM, Park YS, Park I et al. Characteristics of burn injuries among children aged under six years in South Korea: data from the emergency department-based injury in-depth surveillance, 2011-2016. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0198195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198195.
8. Nassar JY, Al Qurashi AA, Albalawi I et al. Pediatric Burns: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Epidemiology, Gender Distribution, Risk Factors, Management, and Outcomes in Emergency Departments. Cureus 2023; 15: e49012. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49012.
9. Jeschke MG, Herndon DN. Burns in children: standard and new treatments. Lancet 2014; 383: 1168-78. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61093-4.
10. Lee CJ, Mahendraraj K, Houng A et al. Pediatric Burns: A Single Institution Retrospective Review of Incidence, Etiology, and Outcomes in 2273 Burn Patients (1995–2013). J Burn Care Res 2016; 37: e579–e585. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000362.
11. Van Balen NIM, Simon MH, Botman MB et al. Effectiveness of prevention programmes on the rate of burn injuries in children: a systematic review. Inj Prev 2024; 30: 68-74. doi: 10.1136/ip-2022-044827.
12. Strobel AM, Fey R. Emergency Care of Pediatric Burns. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2018; 36: 441-58. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2017.12.011.
13. Hettiaratchy S, Dziewulski P. ABC of burns: pathophysiology and types of burns. BMJ 2004; 328: 1427-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7453.1427.
14. Wolf SE, Debroy M, Herndon DN. The cornerstones and directions of pediatric burn care. Pediatr Surg Int 1997; 12: 312-20. doi: 10.1007/BF01076929.
15. Senel E, Kizilgun M, Akbiyik F et al. The evaluation of the adrenal and thyroid axes and glucose metabolism after burn injury in children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23: 481-9. doi: 10.1515/jpem.2010.079.
16. Chan MM, Chan GM. Nutritional therapy for burns in children and adults. Nutrition 2009; 25: 261-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.011.Hart DW, Wolf SE, Mlcak R et al. Persistence of muscle catabolism after severe burn. Surgery 2000; 128: 312-9. doi: 10.1067/msy.2000.108059.
17. Partain KP, Fabia R, Thakkar RK. Pediatric burn care: new techniques and outcomes. Curr Opin Pediatr 2020; 32: 405-410. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000902.
18. Mathias E, Murthy SM. Pediatric Thermal Burns and Treatment: A Review of Progress and Future Prospects. Medicines (Basel) 2017; 4: 91. doi: 10.3390/medicines4040091.
19. Fitzpatrick JC, Cioffi WG Jr. Ventilatory support following burns and smoke-inhalation injury. Respir Care Clin N Am 1997; 3: 21-49. PMID: 9390901.
20. Sen S. Pediatric inhalation injury. Burns Trauma 2017; 5: 31. doi: 10.1186/s41038-017-0097-5.
21. Mc Niece WL, Dierdorf SF. The pediatric airway. Semin Pediatr Surg 2004; 13: 152-65. doi: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2004.04.008.
22. Legrand M, Barraud D, Constant I et al. Management of severe thermal burns in the acute phase in adults and children. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2020; 39: 253-67. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.03.006.
23. McLure M, Macneil F, Wood FM et al. A Rapid Review of Burns First Aid Guidelines: Is There Consistency Across International Guidelines? Cureus 2021; 13: e15779. doi: 10.7759/cureus.15779.
24. Rawlins JM, Khan AA, Shenton AF et al. Epidemiology and outcome analysis of 208 children with burns attending an emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23: 289-93. doi: 10.1097/01.pec.0000248698.42175.2b.
25. McCormack RA, La Hei ER, Martin HC. First-aid management of minor burns in children: a prospective study of children presenting to the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney. Med J Aust 2003; 178: 31-3. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05038.x.
26. Cuttle L, Kravchuk O, Wallis B et al. An Audit of First-Aid Treatment of Pediatric Burns Patients and Their Clinical Outcome Get access Arrow. J Burn Care Res 2009; 30: 1028-34. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181bfb7d1.
27. Nguyen ATM, Chamberlain K, Holland AJA. Paediatric chemical burns: a clinical review. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180: 1359-1369. doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03905-z.
28. Othman S, Sethi HK, Cohn JE et al. Craniofacial and neck burns in the pediatric population. Burns 2020; 46: 1225-31. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.03.001.
29. Sadideen H, D’Asta F, Moiemen N et al. Does overestimation of burn size in children requiring fluid resuscitation cause any harm? J Burn Care Res 2017;3 8: e546-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0000000000000382.
30. Goverman J, Bittner EA, Friedstat JS et al. Discrepancy in initial pediatric burn estimates and its impact on fluid resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2015;36:574-9. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000185.
31. Wachtel TL, Berry CC, Wachtel EE et al. The inter-rater reliability of estimating the size of burns from various burn area chart drawings. Burns 2000; 26: 156-70. doi: 10.1016/s0305-4179(99)00047-9.
32. Chan QE, Barzi F, Cheney L et al. Burn size estimation in children: still a problem. Emerg Med Australas 2012; 24: 181-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2011.01511.x.
33. Fidkowski CW, Fuzaylov G, Sheridan RL et al. Inhalation burn injury in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; Suppl 1: 147-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02884.x.
34. Baxter CR, Shires T. Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1968; 150: 874-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb14738.x.
35. Dittrich MHM, de Carvalho WB, Lavado LE. Evaluation of the “Early” Use of Albumin in Children with Extensive Burns: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17: e280-6. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000728.
36. Warden GD. Burn shock resuscitation. World J Surg 1992; 16: 16-23. doi: 10.1007/BF02067109.
37. Huang PP, Stucky FS, Dimick AR et al. Hypertonic sodium resuscitation is associated with renal failure and death. Ann Surg 1995; 221: 543-54; discussion 554-7. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199505000-00012.
38. Sheridan RL. Burn Care for Children. Pediatr Rev 2018; 39: 273-86. doi: 10.1542/pir.2016-0179.
39. Steinvall I, Bak Z, Sjoberg F. Acute kidney injury is common, parallels organ dysfunction or failure, and carries appreciable mortality in patients with major burns: a prospective exploratory cohort study. Crit Care 2008; 12: R124. doi: 10.1186/cc7032.
40. Folkestad T, Brurberg KG, Nordhuus KM et al. Acute kidney injury in burn patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2020; 24: 2. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2710-4.
41. Wu G, Xiao Y, Wang C et al. Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Burn Injury: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38: 271-82. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000438.
42. Brusselaers N, Monstrey S, Colpaert K et al. Outcome of acute kidney injury in severe burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 915-25. doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-1861-1.
43. Clark A, Neyra JA, Madni T et al. Acute kidney injury after burn. Burns 2017; 43: 898-908. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.01.023.
44. Palmieri T, Lavrentieva A, Greenhalgh D. An assessment of acute kidney injury with modified RIFLE criteria in pediatric patients with severe burns. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 2125-9. doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1638-6.
45. Herndon D, Tompkins RG. Support of the metabolic response to burn injury. Lancet 2004; 363: 1895-902. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16360-5.
46. Rhee C, Strich JR, Chiotos K et al. Improving Sepsis Outcomes in the Era of Pay-for-Performance and Electronic Quality Measures: A Joint IDSA/ACEP/PIDS/SHEA/SHM/SIDP Position Paper. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78: 505-513. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad447.
47. Roy TK, Uniyal A, Akhilesh et al. Multifactorial pathways in burn injury-induced chronic pain: novel targets and their pharmacological modulation. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49: 12121-12132. doi: 10.1007/s11033-022-07748-9.
48. Pardesi O, Fuzaylov G. Pain management in pediatric burn patients: review of recent literature and future directions. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38: 335-47. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000470.
49. Romanowski KS, Carson J, Pape K et al. American Burn Association Guidelines on the Management of Acute Pain in the Adult Burn Patient: A Review of the Literature, a Compilation of Expert Opinion, and Next Steps. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41: 1129-1151. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa119.
50. Shiferaw A, Mola S, Gashaw A et al. Evidence-based practical guideline for procedural pain management and sedation for burn pediatrics patients undergoing wound care procedures. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 83: 104756. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104756.
51. Schmitt YS, Hoffman HG, Blough DK et al. A randomized, controlled trial of immersive virtual reality analgesia, during physical therapy for pediatric burns. Burns 2011; 37: 61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.07.007.
52. Jeffs D, Dorman D, Brown S et al. Effect of virtual reality on adolescent pain during burn wound care. J Burn Care Res 2014; 35: 395-408. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000019.
53. Kipping B, Rodger S, Miller K et al. Virtual reality for acute pain reduction in adolescents undergoing burn wound care: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Burns 2012; 38: 650-7. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.11.010.
54. Brown NJ, Kimble RM, Rodger S et al. Play and heal: randomized controlled trial of ditto™ intervention efficacy on improving re-epithelialization in pediatric burns. Burns 2014; 40: 204-13. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.11.024.
55. Armstrong M, Lun J, Groner JI et al. Mobile phone virtual reality game for pediatric home burn dressing pain management: a randomized feasibility clinical trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8: 186. doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-01150-9.
56. Xiang H, Shen J, Wheeler KK et al. Efficacy of smartphone active and passive virtual reality distraction vs standard care on burn pain among pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4: e2112082-e. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12082.
57. Jeschke MG, van Baar ME, Choudhry MA et al. Burn injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6: 11. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0145-5.
58. Demirdjian G. Adjusting a prognostic score for burned children with logistic regression. J Burn Care Rehabil 1997; 18: 313-6. doi: 10.1097/00004630-199707000-00006.
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2025/11/19
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Pregledni rad / Review article