Povezanost restriktivnih strategija roditeljskog nadzora i digitalnog nasilja u adolescenciji
Sažetak
Savremene studije pokazuju da deca i adolescenti predstavljaju populaciju korisnika koja najviše vremena provodi na internetu, te su znatno više izloženi rizičnim ponašanjima, a najviše digitalnom nasilju. Stoga je cilj u ovom radu utvrđivanje razlika u učestalosti digitalnog nasilja kod adolescenata u zavisnosti od primene restriktivnih strategija roditeljskog nadzora. Uzorak istraživanja čini 183 učenika prvog i četvrtog razreda gimnazije koji su odgovarali na pitanja o roditeljskom nadzoru i digitalnom nasilju. Roditeljski nadzor ispitivan je kratkim upitnikom, koji se sastojao iz niza kategoričkih pitanja, dok je za ispitivanje digitalnog nasilja korišćena Skala sajber žrtve i nasilnog ponašanja (Cyber Victim and Bullying Scale). Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da roditelji neredovno koriste restriktivne strategije u vršenju roditeljskog nadzora nad aktivnostima deteta na internetu. Roditeljski nadzor se najčešće svodi na zabranu dopisivanja sa nepoznatim ljudima (51,9%) i nešto manje na zabranu ostavljanja ličnih podataka (35,5%) i posedovanje šifre od uređaja preko kog dete pristupa internetu (37,2%). Završna analiza pokazala je da ne postoji statistički značajna povezanost restriktivnih strategija roditeljskog nadzora sa učinjenim nasiljem na internetu, niti sa doživljenim nasiljem. Kako bi roditeljski nadzor imao značajnu ulogu u prevenciji i redukovanju digitalnog nasilja kod dece adolescentnog uzrasta neophodno je usmeriti roditelje da odluke o pravilima ponašanja na internetu donose u dogovoru sa decom i u skadu sa njihovim aktivnostima i podstaći ih na korišćenje drugih, adekvatnih strategija roditeljskog nadzora.
Reference
Australian Communications and Media Authority. (2007). Media and communications in Australian families: Report of the media and society research project. Belconnen, A.C.T.: Australian Communications and Media Authority.
Baker, V. (2009). Older adolescents’ motivation for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 209–213.
Baumrind, D. (1970). Socialization and instrumental competence in young children. Young Children, 26(2), 104–119.
Çеtin, B., Yаman, E., & Pеkеr, A. (2011). Cyber victim and bullying scale: A study of validity and reliability. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2261–2271.
Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters' experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217–223.
Dishion, T. J., & McMahon, J. R. (1998). Parental Monitoring and the Prevention of Child and Adolescent Problem Behavior: A Conceptual and Empirical Formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 61–75.
Dooley, J. J., Pyżalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 182–188.
Duncan, D. R. (2004). The impact of family relationships on school bullies and victims. In D. L. Esspelage, & S. M. Swearer (eds.), Bullying in American schools (pp 227–244). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Erickson, L. B., Wisniewski, P., Xu, H., Carroll, J. M., Rosson, M. B., & Perkins, D. F. (2016). The boundaries between: Parental involvement in a teen's online world. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(6), 1384–1403.
Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H. (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 439–449.
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, W. J. (2009). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing andresponding to cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Ho, S. S., Chen, L., & Ng, A. P. (2017). Comparing cyberbullying perpetration on social media between primary and secondary school students. Computers & Education, 109, 74–84.
Hoan, C. C., & Cheon, S. J. (2005). Children exposure to negative Internet content: The effects of family context. Journal of Broadcasting & Media, 49(4), 488–509.
Hong, J. S., & Espelage, D. L. (2012). A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(4), 311–322.
Kennedy, T. L. M., & Wellman, B. (2007). The networked household. Information Communication and Society, 10(5), 645–670.
Kuzmanović, D., Pavlović, Z., Popadić, D. i Milošević, T. (2019). Korišćenje interneta i digitalne tehnologije kod dece i mladih u Srbiji: rezultati istraživanja Deca Evrope na internetu. Beograd: Institut za psihologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu.
Lac, A., & Crano, W. D. (2009). Monitoring matters meta-analytic review reveals the reliable linkage of parental monitoring with adolescent marijuana use. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(6), 578–586.
Laird, R. D., & De Los Reyes, A. (2013). Testing informant discrepancies as predictors of early adolescent psychopathology: Why difference scores cannot tell you what you want to know and how polynomial regression may. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(1), 1–14.
Lee, S. J. & Chae, Y. G. (2007). Children’s Internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and parental mediation. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 640–644.
Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Social networking websites and teens. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2007/01/07/social-networking-websites-and-teens/
Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Macgill, A., & Smith, A. (2007). Teens and social media. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://www.pewinternet.org/wpcontent/uploads/sites/9/media/Files/Reports/2007/PIP_Teens_Social_Media_Final.pdf.pdf
Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Smith, A., Purcell, K., & Zickuhr, K. (2011). Teens, kindness and cruelty on social network sites: How American teens navigate the new world of “digital citizenship. Retrieved April 4, 2020, from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2011/11/09/teens-kindness-and-cruelty-on-social-network-sites/
Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., & Ang, P. H. (2008). Parental awareness and monitoring of adolescent Internet use. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 27(4), 217–233.
Lin, C. H., & Yu, S. F. (2008). Adolescent Internet usage in Taiwan: Exploring gender differences. Adolescence, 43(170), 317-33
Livingstone, S., & Bober, M. (2006). Regulating the Internet at home: Contrasting the perspectives of children and parents. In D. Buckingham, & R. Willett (eds.), Digital generations: Children, young people, and new media (pp. 93–113). Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers' use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy. New Media & Society, 12(2), 309–329.
Livingstone, S., Blum-Ross, A., Pavlick, J., & Olafsson, K. (2018). In the digital home, how do parents support their children and who supports them. London: Department of Media and Communications.
Logar, S., Anzelm, D., Lazić, D., & Vujačić, V. (2016). Global kids online Montenegro: opportunities, risks and safety. Global Kids Online. UNICEF Montenegro, Government of Montenegro and IPSOS Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (vol. ed.), Handbook of child psychology: (Vol. 4.) Socialization, personality and social development. (pp. 1–101). New York, NY: Routledge.
Marshall, S. K., Tilton-Weaver, L. C., & Bosdet, L. (2005). Information management: Considering adolescents’ regulation of parental knowledge. Journal of Adolescence, 28(5), 633–647.
Mason, K. (2008). Cyberbullying: A preliminary assessment for school personnel. Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 323–348.
Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 387–393.
Meter, D. J., & Bauman, S. (2018). Moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring: Effects on traditional bullying and victimization via cyberbullying involvement. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3), 303–326.
Milani, L., Osualdella, D., & Di Blasio, P. (2009). Quality of interpersonal relationships and problematic Internet use in adolescence. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 681–684.
Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). The exposure of youth to unwanted sexual material on the Internet: A national survey of risk, impact, and prevention. Youth & Society, 34(3), 330–358.
Miyazaki, A., Stanaland, A. J., & Lwin, M. O. (2009). Self-regulatory safeguards and the online privacy of preteen children: implications for the advertising industry. Journal of Advertising, 38(4), 79–91.
Nathanson, A. I., Eveland, W. P., Jr., Park, H.-S., & Paul, B. (2002). Perceived media influence and efficacy as predictors of caregivers' protective behaviors. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(3), 385-410.
Naval, C., Sábada, Ch., & Bringué, X. (2003). Impacto de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en las Relaciones Sociales de los Jóvenes Navarros. Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra. Instituto Navarro de Deporte y Juventud.
Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martínez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2012). The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 725–745.
Nikken, P., & Jansz, J. (2006). Parental mediation of children’s videogame playing: a comparison of the reports by parents and children. Learning, Media and Technology, 31(2), 181–202.
Ohannessian, C. M., Lerner, J. V., Lerner, R. M., & von Eye, A. (2000). Adolescent-parent discrepancies in perceptions of family functioning and early adolescent self-competence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(3), 362–372.
Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520–538.
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Fraser, A. M., Dyer, W. J., & Yorgason, J. B. (2012). Parents and adolescents growing up in the digital age: Latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1153–1165.
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015): Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69–74.
Popadić, D. i Kuzmanović, D. (2016). Mladi u svetu interneta: Korišćenje digitalne tehnologije, rizici i zastupljenost digitalnog nasilja među učenicima u Srbiji. Beograd: Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja.
Popović-Ćitić, B. (2009). Vršnjačko nasilje u sajber prostoru. Temida, 12(3), 43–62.
Pujazon–Zazik, M., & Park, J. M. (2010). To tweet, or not to tweet: Gender differences and potential positive and negative health outcomes of adolescents’ social internet use. American Journal of Men’s Health, 4(1),77–85.
Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2. Media in the lives of 8-to 18-years-old. Menio Park, CA: The Henry J.Kaiser Family Foundation.
Rollins, B. C., & Thomas, D. L. (1979). Parental support, power, and control techniques in the socialization of children. In W. R. Burr, R. Hill, F. I. Nye, & I. L. Reiss (eds.), Contemporary theories about the family (pp. 317–364). New York, NY: Free Press.
Rosen, L. D. (2007). Me, MySpace, and I: Parenting theNetGeneration. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schaefer, E.S. (1959). A c ircumplex model for maternal behavior. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psyhology, 59(2), 226–235.
Schenk, A. M., & Fremouw, W. J. (2012). Prevalence, psychological impact, and coping of cyberbully victims among college students. Journal of School Violence, 11, 21–37.
Schneider, S. K., O’Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. S. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 171–177.
Steinberg, L., Blatt-Eisengart, I., & Cauffman, E. (2009). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful homes: a replication in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(1), 47–58.
Subrahmanyam, K., Kraut, R., Greenfield, P. M., & Gross, E. F. (2001). New forms of electronic media: The impact of interactive games and the Internet on cognition, socialization, and behavior. In D. L. Singer, & J. L. Singer (eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 73 – 99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Valkenburg, P.M., Piotrowski, T.J., Hermanns, J., & de Leeuw, R. (2013). Developing and validating the perceived parental media mediation scale: A self-determination perspective. Human Communication Research, 39(4), 445–469.
Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on internet use of primary school children. Computers & Education, 55, 454–464.
van Kruistum, C., & van Steensel, R. (2017). The tacit dimension of parental mediation. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 11(3), Article 3.
Wang, R., Bianchi, S.M., & Raley, S.B. (2005). Teenagers’ internet use and family rules: A research note. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1249–1258.
Wright, M. F. (2017). Parental mediation, cyberbullying, and cybertrolling: The role of gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 189–195.
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004a). Online aggressor targets, aggressors, and targets: comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 45(7), 1308–1316.
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004b). Youth engaging in online harassment: associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 319-336.
Ybarra, M. L., Diener-West, M., & Leaf, P. J. (2007). Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6 Suppl 1), 42-50.
Zuković, S. i Slijepčević, S. (2015). Roditeljska kontrola ponašanja dece na internet i socijalnim mrežama, 64(2), 239–254.
Autori zadržavaju autorska prava nad objavljenim člancima, a izdavaču daju neekskluzivno pravo da članak objavi, da u slučaju daljeg korišćenja članka bude naveden kao njegov prvi izdavač, kao i da distribuira članak u svim oblicima i medijima.
Licenciranje
Objavljeni članci distribuiraju se u skladu sa licencom Creative Commons Autorstvo - Deliti pod istim uslovima 4.0 International (CC BY-SA). Dopušteno je da se delo kopira i distribuira u svim medijima i formatima, da se prerađuje, menja i nadograđuje u bilo koje svrhe, uključujući i komercijalne, pod uslovom da se na pravilan način citiraju njegovi prvobitni autori, postavi link ka originalnoj licenci, naznači da li je delo izmenjeno i da se novo delo objavi pod istom licencom kao i originalno.
Korisnici su pri tome dužni da navedu pun bibliografski opis članka objavljenog u ovom časopisu (autori, naslov rada, naslov časopisa, volumen, sveska, paginacija), kao i njegovu DOI oznaku. U slučaju objavljivanja u elektronskoj formi takođe su dužni da postave HTML link, kako sa originalnim člankom objavljenim u časopisu CM: Communication and Media, tako i sa korišćenom licencom.
Autori mogu da stupaju u zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju rada objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je rad prvobitno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
Politika samoarhiviranja
Autorima je dozvoljeno da objavljenu verziju rada deponuju u institucionalni ili tematski repozitorijum ili da je objave na ličnim veb stranicama (uključujući i profile na društvenim mrežama, kao što su ResearchGate, Academia.edu, itd.), na sajtu institucije u kojoj su zaposleni u bilo koje vreme nakon objavljivanja u časopisu.
Autori su obavezni da pritom navedu pun bibliografski opis članka objavljenog u ovom časopisu (autori, naslov rada, naslov časopisa, volumen, sveska, paginacija) i postave link, kako na DOI oznaku tog članka, tako i na korišćenu licencu.Autorima je dozvoljeno da objavljenu verziju rada deponuju u institucionalni ili tematski repozitorijum ili da je objave na ličnim veb stranicama (uključujući i profile na društvenim mrežama, kao što su ResearchGate, Academia.edu, itd.), na sajtu institucije u kojoj su zaposleni u bilo koje vreme nakon objavljivanja u časopisu.
Odricanje od odgovornosti
Stavovi izneti u objavljenim radovima ne izražavaju stavove urednika i članova redakcije časopisa. Autori preuzimaju pravnu i moralnu odgovornost za ideje iznete u svojim radovima. Izdavač neće snositi nikakvu odgovornost u slučaju ispostavljanja bilo kakvih zahteva za naknadu štete.