Airway inflammation in patients with bronchiectasis
Keywords:
Key words: bronchiectasis, inflamation, infection
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the lumen of the bronchi caused by the weakening or destruction of the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial wall, decreased mucus clearance, and to frequent infections of the respiratory tract . The gold standard for the diagnosis of bronchiectasis is high resoluted computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax . The infection and colonization of the respiratory tract contribute to increasing inflammation and further damage to the lung. Upon entry of pathogens into the respiratory tract by activation of epithelial cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Inflamation cells secrete chemical mediators and they acctivated immune response and thus allow the phagocytosis of pathogens. Earlly diagnostic, appropriate treatment of and interrupting the vicious circle between infection and infalamacije in patients with bronchiectasis, contribution to prevention of structural changes of the airways.
References
1. Chalmers JD, Greening NJ, Jose RJ, Janes SM. BTS Science and Reasarch Committe. Review of the British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2013, 4-6 December, London, UK. Thorax. 2014 Apr; 69(4):378-82. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208299 PMID: 27015800
2. Al-Harbi A, Al-Ghamdi M, Khan M, Al-Rajhi S, Al-Jahdali H. Performance of Multidimensional Severity Scoring Systems in Patients with Post-Tuberculosis Bronchiectasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020 Sep 14;15:2157-2165. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S261797. PMID: 32982208; PMCID: PMC7500837.3.
3. Sawahata M, Shijubo N, Johkoh T, Kawanobe T, Fujiki Y, Bando M, et al. Progression of Central-peripheral Band and Traction Bronchiectasis Clusters Leading to Chronic Respiratory Failure in a Patient with Fibrotic Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Intern Med. 2021 Jan 1;60(1):111-116. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4862-20. Epub 2020 Aug 22. PMID: 32830175.
4. Börekçi Ş, Müsellim B. Decreasing Rate of Unknown Bronchiectasis Etiology: Evaluation of 319 Adult Patients with Bronchiectasis. Turk Thorac J. 2021 Jan;22(1):18-23.
doi:10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2021.19142. Epub 2021 Jan 1. PMID: 33646099.
5. Despotes KA, Choate R, Addrizzo-Harris D, Aksamit TR, Barker A, Basavaraj A, et al. Nutrition and Markers of Disease Severity in Patients With Bronchiectasis. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2020 Oct;7(4):390-403. doi: 10.15326/jcopdf.7.4.2020.0178. PMID: 33108111.
6.Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Marshall SE, Loebinger MR, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:1700629. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00629-2017
7. Xavier P, Thierry B, Daniel D. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated bronchiectasis. The Lancet May 2019; 393: 2035-2036. PMID: 31106745 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30020-0
8. Gelei L, Chunrong H, Yahui L, Yun F, Yingmeng N, Guochao S. How does comorbid bronchiectasis affect asthmatic patients? A meta-analysis. Journal of Asthma 0:0 2020: 1-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.1784194
9. Choi H, Lee H, Ryu J, Chung SJ, Park DW, Sohn JW, Yoon HJ, Kim SH. Bronchiectasis and increased mortality in patients with corticosteroid-dependent severe asthma: a nationwide population study. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020 Jan-Dec;14:1753466620963030. doi: 10.1177/1753466620963030. PMID: 33059535..
10. Haworth C, Wanner A, Juergen F, O’Neal T, Davis A, Gonda I, et al. Inhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin in patients with bronchiectasis and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: results from two parallel phase III trials (ORBIT3 and ORBIT4). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017;195:A7604. PMID: 30658914 DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30427-2
11. Chen S, Qiu A, Tao Z, Zhang H. Clinical impact of cardiovascular disease on patients with bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med. 2020 Apr 23;20(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s12890-020-1137-7. PMID: 32326931.
12. Hester KLM, Ryan V, Newton J, Rapley T, De Soyza A. Bronchiectasis Information and Education: a randomised, controlled feasibility trial. Trials. 2020 Apr 15;21(1):331. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-4134-5. PMID: 32293509.
13. Wall LA, Wisner EL, Gipson KS, Sorensen RU. Bronchiectasis in Primary Antibody Deficiencies: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Front Immunol. 2020 Mar 31;11:522. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00522. PMID: 32296433.
14. Garcia-Clemente M, de la Rosa D, Máiz L, Girón R, Blanco M, Olveira C, et al. Impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection on Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases. J Clin Med. 2020 Nov 24;9(12):3800. doi: 10.3390/jcm9123800. PMID: 33255354.
15. Baralic M, Gligorijevic N, Brkovic V, Katrlik J, Pažitna L, Šunderić M et al. Fibrinogen fucosylation as a prognostic marker of end-stage renal disease in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(8):1165 doi :10.3390/biom10081165
16. Sanduzzi A, Ciasullo E, Capitelli L, Sanduzzi Zamparelli S, Bocchino M. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Bronchiectasis: A Concomitance or a Real Association? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 29;17(7):2294. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072294. PMID: 32235324.
17. Veith M, Tüffers J, Peychev E, Klemmer A, Kotke V, Janciauskiene S, et al. The Distribution of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Genotypes Between Patients with COPD/Emphysema, Asthma and Bronchiectasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020 Nov 6;15:2827-2836. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S271810. PMID: 33192056.
18. Taylor-Cousar JL. Tezacaftor-ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for Phe508del. N. Engl. J. Med 2017; 377: 2013–2023.
19.Kesimer M, Ford AA, Ceppe A, Radicioni G, Cao R, Davis CW, et al. Airway mucin concentration as a marker of chronic bronchitis. N Engl J Med 2017;377:911–922. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1701632
20. Sanchez-Carpintero Abad M, Sanchez-Salcedo P, de-Torres JP, Alcaide AB, Seijo LM, Pueyo J et al. Prevalence and burden of bronchiectasis in a lung cancer screening program. PLoS One. 2020 Apr 13;15(4):e0231204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231204. PMID: 32282811.
21. Vidaillac C, Yong, VFL, Jaggi, TK, Soh MM, Chotirmall SH. Gender differences in bronchiectasis: a real issue? Breathe (Sheff.) 2018; 14, 108–121.
22. Nucci MCNM, Fernandes FLA, Salge JM, Stelmach R, Cukier A, Athanazio R. Characterization of the severity of dyspnea in patients with bronchiectasis: correlation with clinical, functional, and tomographic aspects. J Bras Pneumol. 2020 Jun 15;46(5):e20190162. doi: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20190162. PMID: 32556031.
23. Chen G, Sun L, Kato T, Okuda K, Martino MB, Abzhanova A, et al. IL-1β dominates the promucin secretory cytokine profile in cystic fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2019;129:4433–4450 doi 10.1172/JCI125669
24. Velinović M, Samarđzić N, Soldatović I, Arsić M, Stjepanović M, Đurđević N, et al. EGFR TKI u prvoj liniji kod pacijenata sa uznapredovalim adeno karcinomom bronha: naše iskustvo (44 pacijenta). IV Kongres respiratorne medicine 2015. Respiron (Vol 52, Supp.1), Zbornik apstrakata; MOS01.7: 174-175.
25. Baralić M, Brković V, Stojanov V, StankovićS, Lalić N,Đurić P, et al. Dual roles of the mineral metabolism disorders biomarkers in prevalent hemodilysis patients: In renal bone disease and in vascular calcification. J Med Biochem 2019; 38 134-144.
26.Ramsey KA, Radicioni G, Livengood S, Hill D, Ehre C, Button B, et al. Airways mucus pathogenesis in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and primary ciliary dyskinesia [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:A5708. PMID: 31765597 doi: 10.1164/rccm.201906-1219OC
27. Chandrasekaran R, Mac Aogain M, Chalmers JD, Elborn SJ, Chotirmall SH. Geographic variation in the aetiology, epidemiology and microbiology of bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm. Med 2018;18, 83.
28. Vučinić-Mihailović V, Belić S, Jandrić A, Stjepanović M. Sarkoidoza i gojaznost. Acta Clinica 2019; 18(3): 97-106.
29. Chalmers JD, Chotirmall SH. Bronchiectasis: new therapies and new perspectives. Lancet Respir. Med. 2018; 6: 715–726.
30. Flume PA, Chalmers JD, Olivier KN. Advances in bronchiectasis: endotyping, genetics, microbiome, and disease heterogeneity. Lancet 2018; 392: 880–890.
31. Pavlovic T, Jordanova, Pavlovic D. Lečenje akutnog pogoršanja hronične obstruktivne bolesti bolesti pluća. NČ UM Halo 194 2018;(1):62-74.
32. Abdullah LH, Coakley R, Webster MJ, Zhu Y, Tarran R, Radicioni G, et al. Mucin production and hydration responses to mucopurulent materials in normal versus cystic fibrosis airway epithelia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197:481–491. PMD: 29099608 doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201706-1139OC
33.Chalmers JD, Moffitt KL, Suarez-Cuartin G, Sibila O, Finch S, Furrie E, et al. Neutrophil elastase activity is associated with exacerbations and lung function decline in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017;195:1384–1393. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201605-1027OC PMD 27911604
34. Saleh AD. The heterogeneity of systemic inflammation in bronchiectasis. Respir. Med 2017; 127: 33–39.
35. Stojanovic Ristic S, Milenkovic B, Latas M, Davicevic Elez Z, Lukic T, Jankovic J, Djurdjevic N, et al. Asthma control and psychological status in university students. European Respiratory Journal 2018; 52:62.
36. Jankovic J, Vesovic R, Djurdjevic N, Mitic J. Hemoptysis. Is it caused by Pasteurella multocida infection or congenital pulmonary artery anomalies? Germs. 2019 Dec 2; 9(4):193-197.
37. O'Neill K, Ferguson K, Cosgrove D, Tunney MM, De Soyza A, Carroll M, et al. Multiple breath washout in bronchiectasis clinical trials: is it feasible? ERJ Open Res. 2020 Oct 13;6(4):00363-2019. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00363-2019. PMID: 33083441.
38. Cvetković S, Stjepanović M, Radisavljević S, Škodrić-Trifunović V, Đurđević N. Plućna mikobakterioza uzrokovana mycobacterium xenopi-prikaz slučaja. IV Kongres respiratorne medicine 2015. Respiron (Vol 52, Supp.1), Zbornik apstrakata; PGP01. 25; 268-269.
39. Goeminne PC, De Soyza A. Bronchiectasis: how to be an orphan with many parents? Eur. Respir. J 2016; 47, 10–13.
40. Zhang SQ, Xiong XF, Wu ZH, Huang TT, Cheng DY. Clinical features of asthma with comorbid bronchiectasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Jan 29;100(4):e23858. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023858. PMID: 33530179.
41. Phillips J, Lee A, Pope R, Hing W. Physiotherapists' use of airway clearance techniques during an acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis: a survey study. Arch Physiother. 2021 Feb 1;11(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s40945-020-00097-5. PMID: 33517917.
42. Jankovic J, Milenkovic B, Zugic V, Djurdjevic N, Mitic J. Pseudo hyperinflation of lung in patients with achalasia. European Respiratory Journal 2016; 48:60.
43. Lee SY, Lee JS, Lee SW, Oh YM. Effects of treatment with long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) on lung function improvement in patients with bronchiectasis: an observational study. J Thorac Dis. 2021 Jan;13(1):169-177. doi: 10.21037/jtd-20-1282. PMID: 33569197.
2. Al-Harbi A, Al-Ghamdi M, Khan M, Al-Rajhi S, Al-Jahdali H. Performance of Multidimensional Severity Scoring Systems in Patients with Post-Tuberculosis Bronchiectasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020 Sep 14;15:2157-2165. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S261797. PMID: 32982208; PMCID: PMC7500837.3.
3. Sawahata M, Shijubo N, Johkoh T, Kawanobe T, Fujiki Y, Bando M, et al. Progression of Central-peripheral Band and Traction Bronchiectasis Clusters Leading to Chronic Respiratory Failure in a Patient with Fibrotic Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Intern Med. 2021 Jan 1;60(1):111-116. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4862-20. Epub 2020 Aug 22. PMID: 32830175.
4. Börekçi Ş, Müsellim B. Decreasing Rate of Unknown Bronchiectasis Etiology: Evaluation of 319 Adult Patients with Bronchiectasis. Turk Thorac J. 2021 Jan;22(1):18-23.
doi:10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2021.19142. Epub 2021 Jan 1. PMID: 33646099.
5. Despotes KA, Choate R, Addrizzo-Harris D, Aksamit TR, Barker A, Basavaraj A, et al. Nutrition and Markers of Disease Severity in Patients With Bronchiectasis. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2020 Oct;7(4):390-403. doi: 10.15326/jcopdf.7.4.2020.0178. PMID: 33108111.
6.Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Marshall SE, Loebinger MR, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:1700629. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00629-2017
7. Xavier P, Thierry B, Daniel D. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated bronchiectasis. The Lancet May 2019; 393: 2035-2036. PMID: 31106745 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30020-0
8. Gelei L, Chunrong H, Yahui L, Yun F, Yingmeng N, Guochao S. How does comorbid bronchiectasis affect asthmatic patients? A meta-analysis. Journal of Asthma 0:0 2020: 1-15. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2020.1784194
9. Choi H, Lee H, Ryu J, Chung SJ, Park DW, Sohn JW, Yoon HJ, Kim SH. Bronchiectasis and increased mortality in patients with corticosteroid-dependent severe asthma: a nationwide population study. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020 Jan-Dec;14:1753466620963030. doi: 10.1177/1753466620963030. PMID: 33059535..
10. Haworth C, Wanner A, Juergen F, O’Neal T, Davis A, Gonda I, et al. Inhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin in patients with bronchiectasis and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: results from two parallel phase III trials (ORBIT3 and ORBIT4). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017;195:A7604. PMID: 30658914 DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30427-2
11. Chen S, Qiu A, Tao Z, Zhang H. Clinical impact of cardiovascular disease on patients with bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med. 2020 Apr 23;20(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s12890-020-1137-7. PMID: 32326931.
12. Hester KLM, Ryan V, Newton J, Rapley T, De Soyza A. Bronchiectasis Information and Education: a randomised, controlled feasibility trial. Trials. 2020 Apr 15;21(1):331. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-4134-5. PMID: 32293509.
13. Wall LA, Wisner EL, Gipson KS, Sorensen RU. Bronchiectasis in Primary Antibody Deficiencies: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Front Immunol. 2020 Mar 31;11:522. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00522. PMID: 32296433.
14. Garcia-Clemente M, de la Rosa D, Máiz L, Girón R, Blanco M, Olveira C, et al. Impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection on Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases. J Clin Med. 2020 Nov 24;9(12):3800. doi: 10.3390/jcm9123800. PMID: 33255354.
15. Baralic M, Gligorijevic N, Brkovic V, Katrlik J, Pažitna L, Šunderić M et al. Fibrinogen fucosylation as a prognostic marker of end-stage renal disease in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(8):1165 doi :10.3390/biom10081165
16. Sanduzzi A, Ciasullo E, Capitelli L, Sanduzzi Zamparelli S, Bocchino M. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Bronchiectasis: A Concomitance or a Real Association? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 29;17(7):2294. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072294. PMID: 32235324.
17. Veith M, Tüffers J, Peychev E, Klemmer A, Kotke V, Janciauskiene S, et al. The Distribution of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Genotypes Between Patients with COPD/Emphysema, Asthma and Bronchiectasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020 Nov 6;15:2827-2836. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S271810. PMID: 33192056.
18. Taylor-Cousar JL. Tezacaftor-ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for Phe508del. N. Engl. J. Med 2017; 377: 2013–2023.
19.Kesimer M, Ford AA, Ceppe A, Radicioni G, Cao R, Davis CW, et al. Airway mucin concentration as a marker of chronic bronchitis. N Engl J Med 2017;377:911–922. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1701632
20. Sanchez-Carpintero Abad M, Sanchez-Salcedo P, de-Torres JP, Alcaide AB, Seijo LM, Pueyo J et al. Prevalence and burden of bronchiectasis in a lung cancer screening program. PLoS One. 2020 Apr 13;15(4):e0231204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231204. PMID: 32282811.
21. Vidaillac C, Yong, VFL, Jaggi, TK, Soh MM, Chotirmall SH. Gender differences in bronchiectasis: a real issue? Breathe (Sheff.) 2018; 14, 108–121.
22. Nucci MCNM, Fernandes FLA, Salge JM, Stelmach R, Cukier A, Athanazio R. Characterization of the severity of dyspnea in patients with bronchiectasis: correlation with clinical, functional, and tomographic aspects. J Bras Pneumol. 2020 Jun 15;46(5):e20190162. doi: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20190162. PMID: 32556031.
23. Chen G, Sun L, Kato T, Okuda K, Martino MB, Abzhanova A, et al. IL-1β dominates the promucin secretory cytokine profile in cystic fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2019;129:4433–4450 doi 10.1172/JCI125669
24. Velinović M, Samarđzić N, Soldatović I, Arsić M, Stjepanović M, Đurđević N, et al. EGFR TKI u prvoj liniji kod pacijenata sa uznapredovalim adeno karcinomom bronha: naše iskustvo (44 pacijenta). IV Kongres respiratorne medicine 2015. Respiron (Vol 52, Supp.1), Zbornik apstrakata; MOS01.7: 174-175.
25. Baralić M, Brković V, Stojanov V, StankovićS, Lalić N,Đurić P, et al. Dual roles of the mineral metabolism disorders biomarkers in prevalent hemodilysis patients: In renal bone disease and in vascular calcification. J Med Biochem 2019; 38 134-144.
26.Ramsey KA, Radicioni G, Livengood S, Hill D, Ehre C, Button B, et al. Airways mucus pathogenesis in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and primary ciliary dyskinesia [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:A5708. PMID: 31765597 doi: 10.1164/rccm.201906-1219OC
27. Chandrasekaran R, Mac Aogain M, Chalmers JD, Elborn SJ, Chotirmall SH. Geographic variation in the aetiology, epidemiology and microbiology of bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm. Med 2018;18, 83.
28. Vučinić-Mihailović V, Belić S, Jandrić A, Stjepanović M. Sarkoidoza i gojaznost. Acta Clinica 2019; 18(3): 97-106.
29. Chalmers JD, Chotirmall SH. Bronchiectasis: new therapies and new perspectives. Lancet Respir. Med. 2018; 6: 715–726.
30. Flume PA, Chalmers JD, Olivier KN. Advances in bronchiectasis: endotyping, genetics, microbiome, and disease heterogeneity. Lancet 2018; 392: 880–890.
31. Pavlovic T, Jordanova, Pavlovic D. Lečenje akutnog pogoršanja hronične obstruktivne bolesti bolesti pluća. NČ UM Halo 194 2018;(1):62-74.
32. Abdullah LH, Coakley R, Webster MJ, Zhu Y, Tarran R, Radicioni G, et al. Mucin production and hydration responses to mucopurulent materials in normal versus cystic fibrosis airway epithelia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197:481–491. PMD: 29099608 doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201706-1139OC
33.Chalmers JD, Moffitt KL, Suarez-Cuartin G, Sibila O, Finch S, Furrie E, et al. Neutrophil elastase activity is associated with exacerbations and lung function decline in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017;195:1384–1393. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201605-1027OC PMD 27911604
34. Saleh AD. The heterogeneity of systemic inflammation in bronchiectasis. Respir. Med 2017; 127: 33–39.
35. Stojanovic Ristic S, Milenkovic B, Latas M, Davicevic Elez Z, Lukic T, Jankovic J, Djurdjevic N, et al. Asthma control and psychological status in university students. European Respiratory Journal 2018; 52:62.
36. Jankovic J, Vesovic R, Djurdjevic N, Mitic J. Hemoptysis. Is it caused by Pasteurella multocida infection or congenital pulmonary artery anomalies? Germs. 2019 Dec 2; 9(4):193-197.
37. O'Neill K, Ferguson K, Cosgrove D, Tunney MM, De Soyza A, Carroll M, et al. Multiple breath washout in bronchiectasis clinical trials: is it feasible? ERJ Open Res. 2020 Oct 13;6(4):00363-2019. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00363-2019. PMID: 33083441.
38. Cvetković S, Stjepanović M, Radisavljević S, Škodrić-Trifunović V, Đurđević N. Plućna mikobakterioza uzrokovana mycobacterium xenopi-prikaz slučaja. IV Kongres respiratorne medicine 2015. Respiron (Vol 52, Supp.1), Zbornik apstrakata; PGP01. 25; 268-269.
39. Goeminne PC, De Soyza A. Bronchiectasis: how to be an orphan with many parents? Eur. Respir. J 2016; 47, 10–13.
40. Zhang SQ, Xiong XF, Wu ZH, Huang TT, Cheng DY. Clinical features of asthma with comorbid bronchiectasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Jan 29;100(4):e23858. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023858. PMID: 33530179.
41. Phillips J, Lee A, Pope R, Hing W. Physiotherapists' use of airway clearance techniques during an acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis: a survey study. Arch Physiother. 2021 Feb 1;11(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s40945-020-00097-5. PMID: 33517917.
42. Jankovic J, Milenkovic B, Zugic V, Djurdjevic N, Mitic J. Pseudo hyperinflation of lung in patients with achalasia. European Respiratory Journal 2016; 48:60.
43. Lee SY, Lee JS, Lee SW, Oh YM. Effects of treatment with long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) on lung function improvement in patients with bronchiectasis: an observational study. J Thorac Dis. 2021 Jan;13(1):169-177. doi: 10.21037/jtd-20-1282. PMID: 33569197.
Published
2021/08/13
Section
Review articles
Autori koji objavljuju u ovom časopisu pristaju na sledeće uslove:
- Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
- Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
- Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).