The effects of deoxidation practice on the quality of thin foil low-carbon steel
Abstract
In converter steelmaking of AISI 1006 steel for thin foil, two tapping practices are used with respect to deoxidation: silicon and manganese additions during tapping and aluminum deoxidation after complete tapping (“semi-killed practice”) and aluminum deoxidation during tapping, “fully killed practice”. There is a perception that the semi-killed practice may be more economical and result in the same quality as the fully killed practice. In this work, the effects of the tapping practice on steel quality and cost variables were evaluated for thin foils of AISI 1006 steel. Oxygen and aluminum content, aluminum and ferro-alloy yield, the type of alumina inclusions formed, and the quality of the steel during tinfoil rolling were evaluated and compared. It is shown that the fully killed practice leads to less reoxidation from slag, lower soluble oxygen, and lower total oxygen at the caster as well as better morphology of the remaining alumina inclusions than the semi-killed practice. Thus, the higher quality of the steel produced via the fully killed tapping deoxidation practice when compared with semi-killed tapping is demonstrated. It is also shown that a complete cost evaluation favors this practice in the case of tinfoil production.
References
L. Zhang, B.G. Thomas, State of the Art in Evaluation and Control of Steel Cleanliness. ISIJ International, 43 (3) (2003) 271–91.
P. Kaushik, J. Lehmann, M. Nadif, State of the Art in Control of Inclusions, Their Characterization, and Future Requirements. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 43 (4) B (2012) 710–25.
L.D. Way, Cleanness, castability, and surface quality of formable sheet steels. Materials Science and Technology, 17 (10) (2001) 1175–90.
F.B. Pickering, Effect of processing parameters on the origin of non-metallic inclusions. In: Production and Application of Clean Steel. ISI, London; 1972. p. 75–91.
A.N. Conejo, D.E. Hernández, Optimization of Aluminum Deoxidation Practice in the Ladle Furnace, Materials Manufacturing Processes, 21 (8) (2006) 796–803.
M.-Y. Zhu, B.-J. Zhong, X.-L. Gao, Effect of deoxidation methods on inclusions in steel. Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao Journal University of Science and Technology Beijing, 34 (11) (2012) 1256–61.
D.A. Livshits, O.B. Isaev, I.N. Kostyrya, V.V. Kislitsa, I.V. Ganoshenko, E.A. Chichkarev, Rational technology for the deoxidation and out-of-furnace treatment of low-silicon steel, Russian Metallurgy (Metally), 2011 (12) (2011) 1110–2.
E. Turkdogan, Principles of Steelmaking, The Institute of Materials, London, 1996.
G.R. Belton, How fast can we go? The status of our knowledge of the rates of gas-liquid metal reactions. Metallurgical Transactions B. 24 (B) (1993) 241–58.
B. Sundman, B. Jansson, J.O. Andersson, The Thermo-Calc databank system, CALPHAD, 9 (1985) 153–90.
TCAB, SLAG3 Database, Stockholm, Sweden, TCAB, 2012.
A. Gittins, (D) Effect of oxygen on hot workability of steel,. International Metals Reviews, 22 (1) (19770 213–21.
K.W. Lange, Thermodynamics and kinetic aspects of secondary steelmaking processes, International Materials Reviews, 33 (2) (1988) 53–89.
T. Isono, K. Ohnuki, K. Umezawa, The formation of alumina inclusion in aluminum killed steel contacting with FeO containing slag, In: 4th International Conference on Molten Slags and Fluxes, Sendai, Japan, ISIJ; 1992. p. 493–8.
S.-H. Kim, B. Song, Thermodynamic aspects of steel reoxidation behavior by the ladle slag system of CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-FetO-MnO-P2O5, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 30 (3) B (1999) 435–442.
W.W. Huh, W.-G. Jung, Effect of slag composition on reoxidation of aluminum killed steel, ISIJ International, 36 (1996) S136–9.
E. Steinmetz, H.U. Lindenberg, Morphology of inclusions at aluminum deoxidation. Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen, 47 (4) (1976) 199–204.
E. Steinmetz, H.U. Lindenberg, W. Morsdorf, P. Hammerschmid, Growth shapes of aluminum-oxides in steels, Archiv für das Eisenhüttenwesen, 48 (11) (1977) 569–74.
W.K. Tiekink, A. Pieters, J. Hekkema, Al2O3 in steel: morphology dependent on treatment. Iron and Steelmaker (July) (1994) 39–41.
R. Dekkers, Non-metallic inclusions in liquid steel, Doctoral Dissertation. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; 2002.
M.A. Van Ende, Formation and Morphology of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Aluminium Killed Steels; Doctoral Dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; 2010.
R. Fruehan, org. Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, Steelmaking and Refining Volume, 11th Edition, Pittsburgh PA, AISE Steel Foundation, 1998.
F.D. Richardson, Physical Chemistry of Melts in Metallurgy, London, Academic Press, 1974.
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media.
The Author(s) warrant that their manuscript is their original work that has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; and that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities at the institution where the work was carried out. The Author(s) affirm that the article contains no unfounded or unlawful statements and does not violate the rights of others. The author(s) also affirm that they hold no conflict of interest that may affect the integrity of the Manuscript and the validity of the findings presented in it. The Corresponding author, as the signing author, warrants that he/she has full power to make this grant on behalf of the Author(s). Any software contained in the Supplemental Materials is free from viruses, contaminants or worms.The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA).
Authors are permitted to deposit publisher's version (PDF) of their work in an institutional repository, subject-based repository, author's personal website (including social networking sites, such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc.), and/or departmental website at any time after publication.
Upon receiving the proofs, the Author(s) agree to promptly check the proofs carefully, correct any typographical errors, and authorize the publication of the corrected proofs.
The Corresponding author agrees to inform his/her co-authors, of any of the above terms.