A comprehensive analysis of three-dimensional normal grain growth of pure iron via multi-phase field simulation
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) multi-phase-field model has been established to simulate normal grain growth in pure iron. The advanced visualization technology was used to extract the related data for individual grains, which can clearly display the grain morphology with distinct grain boundary surface as well as the space distribution of neighboring grains.Based on the simulation results, the grain growth kinetics model has been described, which is in conformity with Burke and Turnbull’s parabolic law. The phenomenon of a ‘Hillert regime’ in 3D grain growth and the topological transformation mechanism are investigated. The grain size distributions under different time steps show well agreement with the Hillert distribution. The detailed evolution of grain growth process is extracted, particularly the grain size distribution and the volumetric growth rate. The models of von Neumann-Mullins and Hilgensfeldt for predicting the volumetric growth rate were used for the comparison. The volumetric growth rate is approximately zero when the number of grain sides is 13.7. The average grain side numbers mainly concentrated around 15. The multi-phase field simulation can be used to quantitatively analyze the change of topological relationship of grains with time evolution and reveal the general law of normal grain growth.
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media.
The Author(s) warrant that their manuscript is their original work that has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; and that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities at the institution where the work was carried out. The Author(s) affirm that the article contains no unfounded or unlawful statements and does not violate the rights of others. The author(s) also affirm that they hold no conflict of interest that may affect the integrity of the Manuscript and the validity of the findings presented in it. The Corresponding author, as the signing author, warrants that he/she has full power to make this grant on behalf of the Author(s). Any software contained in the Supplemental Materials is free from viruses, contaminants or worms.The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA).
Authors are permitted to deposit publisher's version (PDF) of their work in an institutional repository, subject-based repository, author's personal website (including social networking sites, such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc.), and/or departmental website at any time after publication.
Upon receiving the proofs, the Author(s) agree to promptly check the proofs carefully, correct any typographical errors, and authorize the publication of the corrected proofs.
The Corresponding author agrees to inform his/her co-authors, of any of the above terms.