The Carbothermal reduction of fayalite: thermodynamic and non-isothermal kinetic analysis
Abstract
The present paper investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics of carbothermal reduction of fayalite by non-isothermal method combining with thermogravimetric analyzer and applying the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Málek models. According to the thermodynamic analysis, the starting temperature of direct reduction reaction of fayalite is 806.79℃ in the standard state. The indirect reduction reaction can not take place in the standard state. While the volume percentage of CO is higher than 86 vol.% in nonstandard state, the indirect reduction can take place in the range of experimental temperature. Meanwhile, Boudouard reaction can promote the indirect reduction process. The kinetic analysis results show that at the temperature below 1100℃, the main reduction reaction is the direct reduction between fayalite and graphite. With the temperature increasing, the fayalite reacts with CO generated from the gasification of graphite. The activation energy of carbothermal reduction of fayalite increases with the increase of reduction rate firstly and then decreases when the reduction rate is larger than 50%. The average activation energy is 524.41 kJ/mol. The carbothermal reduction of fayalite is multistep reaction. The controlling step in the initial stage is the gasification of graphite. As the reaction proceeding, the generated CO provides a good kinetics condition for the carbothermal reduction of fayalite, and the controlling step of the reaction is the nucleation and growth of the metallic iron.
References
[2] W.G. Davenport, M. King, M. Schlesinger, A.K. Biswas, C.J. Yang and F. Dong: Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, 4th ed., Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, (2006), 20.
[3] X.Y. Meng, Y. Li, H.Y. Wang, Y.D. Yang and A. Mclean: J. Hazard. Mater., 339(2020) 122845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122845
[4] Y. Feng, J. Kero, Q.X. Yang, Q.S. Chen, F. Engstrӧm, C. Samuelsson and C.C. Qi: Materials, 12(2019) 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050772
[5] D.B. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and T. Cheng: Measurement, 118(2018) 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.01.005
[6] J.P. Wang and U. Erdenebold: Sustainability-Basel, 12(2020) 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041421
[7] J.H. Chen, W.J. Mi, H.Y. Chen, B. Li, K.C. Chou and X.M. Hou. J. Min. Metall. Sect. B-Metall. 54(1) B (2018) 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB160926011C
[8] D.Q. Zhu, J.W. Xu, Z.Q. Guo, J. Pan, S.W. Li, L.T. Pan and C.C. Yang: J. Clean. Prod., 250(2020) 119462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119462
[9] H. Han, D. Duan, P. Yuan and S. Chen: Ironmak. Steelmak., 42(2015) 542-547. https://doi.org/0.1179/1743281214Y.0000000259
[10] W. Han and Q.W. Qin: Mining and metallurgy, 18(2009) 9-12. (in Chinese)
[11] P.G. Jiang, J.S. Liu, Y.Y. Xiao, X.H. Tan and W.J. Liu: J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 27(2020) 796-806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00413-0
[12] Q.J. Li, F.X. Yang, Z.Y. Wang and S.Y. Liu: Tran. Indian Inst. Met., 72(2019) 3223-3231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01788-9
[13] B.F. Zhan, Z.L. Huang, N. Yang, Y.F. Liu and C.P. Jiao: Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 35(2015) 103-106. (in Chinese)
[14] J. Palacios and M. Sánchez: Min. Proc. Ext. Met. Rev., 120(2011) 218-223. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743285511Y.0000000020
[15] K.Q. Li, S. Ping, H.Y. Wang and W. Ni: Int. J. Min. Met. Mater., 20(2013) 1035-1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0831-3
[16] B. Li, X.B. Wang, H. Wang, Y.G. Wei and J.H. Hu: Sci. Rep-UK, 7(2017) 2406. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02696-y
[17] S.W. Zhou, Y.G. Wei, S.Y. Zhang, B. Li, H. Wang, Y.D. Yang and M. Barati: J. Clean. Prod., 236(2019) 117668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117668
[18] Z.L. Zuo, Q.B. Yu, S.Y. Luo, J.K. Zhang and E. Zhou: Energ. Fuel., 34(2020) 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03274
[19] Z.L. Zuo, Q.B. Yu, H.Q. Xie, F. Yang, Z.C. Han and Q. Qin: Environ. Technol., 41(2020) 2240-2252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1561757
[20] C. Wang, M. Zheng, D.F. Zhu and X.Q. Feng: Chemical Industry and Engineering Process, 33(2014) 33:1101-1107. (in Chinese)
[21] B. Li, Y.G. Wei, H. Wang, Y.D. Yang: ISIJ Int., 58(2018) 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-723
[22] Z.Y. Yang and Z.H. Ma: Steel Res. Int., 83(2017) 1600145. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201600145
[23] P. Sarfo, G. Wyss, G.J. Ma, A. Das and C. Young: Miner. Eng., 107(2017) 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.02.006
[24] Z.H. Yang, Q. Lin, J.X. Xia, Y. He, G.D. Liao and Y. Ke: J. Alloy Compd., 574(2013) 354-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.05.091
[25] H. Zhang, G. Wang, S.H. Zhang, J.S. Wang and Q.G. Xue: Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering, 10(2019) 28-33. (in Chinese)
[26] A. Mitrašinović: JOM, 69(2017), 1682-1687. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-017-2455-y.
[27] A. Warczok and T.A. Utigard: Can. Metall. Quart., 37(1998) 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-4433(97)00034-7
[28] Y.Y. Zhang, W. Lv, X.W. Lv, S.P. Li, C.G. Bai, B. Song and K.X. Han: Int. J. Min. Met. Mater., 24(2017) 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-017-1401-x
[29] C.Y. Ding, X.W. Lv, S.W. Xuan, K. Tang and C.G. Bai: ISIJ Int., 56(2016) 2118-2125. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational
[30] L. Zhang, Y. Zhu, W.Z. Yin, B. Guo, F. Rao and J.G. Ku: ACS Omega, 5(2020) 8605-8612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04497
[31] S.Vyazovkin, A.K. Burnham, J.M. Criado, L.A. Pérez-Maqueda, C. Popescu and N. Sbirrazzuoli: Thermochim. Acta, 520(2011) 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.03.034
[32] G.J. Cheng, J.X. Liu, Z.C. Liu, M.S. Chu and X.X. Xue: Ironmak. Steelmak., 42(2015), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743281214Y.0000000193
[33] T. Ozawa: B. Chem. Soc. Jan., 38(1965) 1881-1886. http://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.38.1881
J. Málek: Thermochim. Acta, 138(1989) 337-346. http://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)87270-3.
[34] S.Y. Luo, J.Y. Zhang and T.P. Zhou: Materials Reports, 14(2000) 6-7, 40. (in Chinese)
[35] N.P. Hou, M.F. Du, J. Li, G.H. Wu and X.J. Wu: Materials Reports, 24(2010) 76-79. (in Chinese)
[36] Q. Lin: Master thesis, Chongqing University (2017). (accessed 2020-08-30)
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media.
The Author(s) warrant that their manuscript is their original work that has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; and that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities at the institution where the work was carried out. The Author(s) affirm that the article contains no unfounded or unlawful statements and does not violate the rights of others. The author(s) also affirm that they hold no conflict of interest that may affect the integrity of the Manuscript and the validity of the findings presented in it. The Corresponding author, as the signing author, warrants that he/she has full power to make this grant on behalf of the Author(s). Any software contained in the Supplemental Materials is free from viruses, contaminants or worms.The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA).
Authors are permitted to deposit publisher's version (PDF) of their work in an institutional repository, subject-based repository, author's personal website (including social networking sites, such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc.), and/or departmental website at any time after publication.
Upon receiving the proofs, the Author(s) agree to promptly check the proofs carefully, correct any typographical errors, and authorize the publication of the corrected proofs.
The Corresponding author agrees to inform his/her co-authors, of any of the above terms.