Influence of microstructure and crystallographic texture on hydrogen diffusion in IF-steel
Abstract
The relation between microstructure, crystallographic texture, and hydrogen diffusion was studied on a IF-steel. The steel samples were deep drawn to a strain level of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and then the hydrogen diffusion coefficients were determined using the Helios II system. Light optical microscope (LOM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used for microstructural characterization and crystallographic texture studies. The dependence of microstructural parameters was evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) values. These evaluations showed that local misorientations, crystallographic texture, and dislocation densityare interdependent. The PCC values show that grain size and dislocation density are the independent microstructure related parameters. These parameters were used to build a model to predict the hydrogen diffusion coefficient by multiple linear regression analysis. A sensitivity analysis was also performed with this model to understand to which parameter the hydrogen diffusion is most sensitive. The results of this analysis show that hydrogen diffusion is more sensitive to dislocation density, suggesting that dislocations are more effective trapping sites for hydrogen atoms. On the other hand, grain boundaries are less effective trapping sites since they also provide an additional diffusion mechanism.
References
[1] ASM Handbook, Volume 1, Properties and selection: irons, steels and high performance alloys, 10th edition, USA, 1993, p. 207-209, 666-667.
[2] S. Rossi, C. Zanella, R. Sommerhuber, Influence of mill additives on vitreous enamel properties, Materials and Design, (55) p.880–887 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.10.059.
[3] K. Banerjee, Physical metallurgy and drawability of extra deep drawing and interstitial free steels, recrystallization, InTech, India, 2012, p. 153-163.
[4] M. Jitsukawa, Y. Hosoya, NKK’s State-of-the-art Flat-rolled Products Developed in the Last Decade, NKK Technical Review No.88, 2003, p. 46-57.
[6] R. Valentini, S. Corsinovi, S. Barabesi, R. Zaccheroni, Effect of industrial process parameters on fishscale: Electrolux Italia experience, 23rd International Enamellers Congress, Florence, Italy, 2015, p. 13-22.
[7] W. Wan, Y. Y. Shan, K. Yang, Effect of TiN inclusions on the impact toughness of low-carbon microalloyed steels, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 37 (7) (2006) p. 2147–58. DOI:10.1007/BF02586135
[8] K. Ecker, G. Papp, G. Emsthofer, G. Giedenbacher, Enameling of killed steels, Mitt. Vereins Deutscher Emailfachleute, 1981, p. 143-56.
[9] R. Valentini, A. Solina, L. Paganini, Model of hydrogen behaviour in enamelling grade steels, Part I Theory, Journal of materials science, 27 (1992) p. 6579–6582. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01165939
[10] R. R. Danielson, W. H. Souder, Causes and control of fish scaling of enamels for sheet iron and steel, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4(8) (2006) 620 – 654. DOI:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1921.tb17363.x
[11] M. Leveaux, Z. Zermout, L. Moli Sanchez, I. Lizarraga Ferro, Influence of the Enamelling Process on Hydrogen Permeation, 24th International Enamellers Congress, Chigago, USA, 2018, p. 129-136.
[12] Z. Yi, W. Hongyan, D. Linxiu, Effect of continuous annealing process on microstructure and properties of ultra-low carbon cold rolled enamel steel, 24th International Enamellers Congress, Chigago, USA, 2018, p. 115-122.
[13] X. Chun, Y. Ming, P. Linghuan, S. Quanshe, Effect of precipitation characteristics on fishscaling resistance of enamel steel sheet, 24th International Enamellers Congress, Chigago, USA, 2018, p. 147-154.
[14] F. Dong, L. Du, X. Liu, F. Xue, Optimization of chemical compositions in low-carbon Al-killed enamel steel produced by ultra-fast continuous annealing, Materials Characterization, (84) (2013) p. 81-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2013.07.006
[15] E. R. Fábián, G. Csiszár, T. Ungár, The dislocation density and the dislocation character effect on the hydrogen permeability of low carbon enamel-grade steel, Conference on Environmental Management and Engineering, Wuhan, China, 2011.
[16] A. J. Kumnick, H. H. Johnson, Deep trapping states for hydrogen in deformed iron, Acta Metallurgica (28) (1979) p. 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(80)90038-3
[17] F.-tao Dong, L.-xiu Du, X.-hua Liu, J. Hu, F. Xue, Effect of Ti (CN) precipitation on texture evolution and fish-scale resistance of ultra-low carbon Ti-bearing enamel steel”, Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, 20(4) (2013) 39-45. DOI:10.1016/S1006-706X(13)60080-1
[18] R. Uzun, Ü. Başkaya, Z. Çetin, Y. Kılıç, O. Gündüz, A. Bakkaloğlu, Effect of strain ratio on hydrogen permeability properties of low carbon enamel steel, Metallurgical Research and Technology, (118 / No4) (2021) 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021053
[19] M.A. Mohtadi-Bonab, M. Eskandari, J.A. Szpunar, Effect of arisen dislocation density and texture components during cold rolling and annealing treatments on hydrogen induced cracking susceptibility in pipeline steel, Journal of Materials Research, 31(21) (2016) p. 1-11. DOI:10.1557/jmr.2016.357
[20] M. Barsanti, R. Ishak, R. Valentini, K. Sarrazy, S. Corsinovi, The HELIOS approach to the fishscale defect: the forced fishscale test and the effect of steel thickness”, 24th International Enamellers Congress, Chigago, USA, 2018, p. 137-145.
[21] E.- R. Fábián, P. János Szabó, Effect of texture on hydrogen permeability in low carbon Al-killed steels, Materials Science Forum, (659) (2010) pp 301-306. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.659.301
[22] E.- R. Fábián, Cold deformation effect on microstructure and on the hydrogen permeability of low carbon Al-killed steels, Materials Science Forum, (659) (2010) p. 7-12. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.659.7
[23] H. Takechi, Metallurgical aspects on interstitial free sheet steel from industrial viewpoints, ISIJ Int, 34 (1) (1994) p. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.34.1
[24] https://www.gom.com/metrology-systems/aramis.html
[25] R. Valentini, M. De Sanctis, G. Lovicu, C. Colombo, A new method for hydrogen permeation test, 5th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Brussels, Belgium, 2013.
[26] J.F. Nye, Some geometrical relations in dislocated crystals, Acta Metallurgica 1(2) (1953) p. 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(53)90054-6
[27] W. Pantleon, Resolving the geometrically necessary dislocation content by conventional electron backscattering diffraction, Scripta Materialia, 58(11) (2008) p. 994-997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.01.050
[28] S. I. Wright, M. M. Nowell, D. P. Field, A review of strain analysis using electron backscatter diffraction, Microscopy and Microanalysis, 17 (3) (2011) p. 316-329. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611000055
[29] Philip M. Sedgwick, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, BMJ Clinical Research, 345 (2012). DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e4483
[30] G. K. Uyanık, N. Güler, A study on multiple linear regression analysis, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 106 (2013) p. 234 – 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.027
[31] G. Gottstein, Physical foundations of materials science, 1st edition 2004.
[32] R. Valentini, A. Solina, S. Matera, Influence of titanium and carbon contents on the hydrogen trapping of microalloyed steels, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 27 (1996) p. 3773–3780. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02595626
[33] W. Y. Choo, J. Y. Lee, Thermal analysis of trapped hydrogen in pure iron, Metallurgical Transactions A, 13 (1982) p.135–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642424
[34] W.Y. Choo, J.Y Lee, Effect of cold working on the hydrogen trapping phenomena in pure iron, Metallurgical Transactions A, 14 (1983) p.1299-1305. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02664812
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media.
The Author(s) warrant that their manuscript is their original work that has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; and that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities at the institution where the work was carried out. The Author(s) affirm that the article contains no unfounded or unlawful statements and does not violate the rights of others. The author(s) also affirm that they hold no conflict of interest that may affect the integrity of the Manuscript and the validity of the findings presented in it. The Corresponding author, as the signing author, warrants that he/she has full power to make this grant on behalf of the Author(s). Any software contained in the Supplemental Materials is free from viruses, contaminants or worms.The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA).
Authors are permitted to deposit publisher's version (PDF) of their work in an institutional repository, subject-based repository, author's personal website (including social networking sites, such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc.), and/or departmental website at any time after publication.
Upon receiving the proofs, the Author(s) agree to promptly check the proofs carefully, correct any typographical errors, and authorize the publication of the corrected proofs.
The Corresponding author agrees to inform his/her co-authors, of any of the above terms.