The influence of cold, warm and hot deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 superalloy
Keywords:
Super alloys; Dynamic strain ageing; Microstructure; Mechanical properties
Abstract
This study systematically examines the influence of precipitation on the microstructural and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 superalloy in as-received, solution heat-treated, peak-aged, and overaged conditions. Cold, warm, and hot deformation tests were performed at 25 °C, 400 °C and 800 °C using a constant strain rate of 5.55 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. The results indicated dynamic strain aging during warm deformation at 400 °C in all investigated conditions. However, at temperatures above 400 °C, a pronounced reduction in strength was observed, accompanied by a corresponding increase in elongation for most conditions. Notably, the solution heat-treated samples exhibited anomalous behavior, showing an increase in Rp0.2 after deformation at 800 °C. This suggests the occurrence of dynamic precipitation during hot deformation in the solution heat-treated samples.
References
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30. P. Rodriguez, Serrated plastic flow, Bulletin of Materials Science, 6 (1984) 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02743993
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33. A. Cui, X. Wang, Y. Cui, Multiscale modelling of precipitation hardening: a review. Journal of Materials Science: Materials Theory, 8 (13) (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41313-024-00066-6
34. T.J. Oros, K. Son, A.M. Hodge, M.E. Kassner, The high temperature creep and fracture behavior of Inconel 718 produced by additive manufacturing, Scripta Materialia, 251 (2024) 116208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116208
2. M. Mazareanu, Aircraft engine market size worldwide 2019–2027, Statista, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1100610/aircraft-engine-market-sizeworldwide/. Accessed 3 May 2023.
3. D. Ulutan, T. Ozel, Machining induced surface integrity in titanium and nickel alloys: a review, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 51 (3) (2011) 250–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2010.11.003
4. K.E. Pulidindi, Nickel superalloy market size, by type (Alloy 600/601/602, Alloy 625, Alloy 718, Alloy 825, Alloy 925, Hastelloy C276/C22/X, Waspaloy), by shape (bar, wire, sheet & plate), by application (aerospace & defense, power generation, oil & gas, refinery, chemical). GMI Insights, 2020. https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/nickel-superalloy-market. Accessed 3 May 2023.
5. Z. İnanır, Yüksek çalışma sıcaklıklarının Inconel 718 alaşımının yapısal ve mekanik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi (Effects of high temperature on the structural and mechanical properties of solution treated and aged Inconel 718 alloys), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2012. (in Turkish)
6. C.-M. Kuo, Y.-T. Yang, H.-Y. Bor, C.-N. Wei, C.-C. Tai, Aging effects on the microstructure and creep behavior of Inconel 718 superalloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 510-511 (2009) 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.04.097
7. Y. Huang, T.G. Langdon, The evolution of delta-phase in a superplastic Inconel 718 alloy, Journal of Materials Science, 42 (2007) 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0483-z
8. S. Azadian, L.Y. Wei, R. Warren, Delta phase precipitation in Inconel 718. Materials Characterization, 53 (1) (2004) 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2004.07.004
9. Y.C. Lin, J. Deng, Y.Q. Jiang, D.X. Wen, G. Liu, Effects of initial d phase on hot tensile deformation behaviors and fracture characteristics of a typical Ni-based superalloy. Material Science and Engineering: A, 598 (2014) 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.029
10. J.D. Seidt, A. Gilat, Plastic deformation of 2024-T351 aluminum plate over a wide range of loading conditions. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 50 (10) (2013) 1781–1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.02.006
11. A. Coşkun, S. Gündüz, An investigation on cold, warm and hot deformation behaviour of Al 2024 alloy under as-received, solution heat treated, peak aged and over aged conditions, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 59 (3) (2020) 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2020.1757995
12. A.H.V. Pavan, R.L. Narayan, S. H. Li, K. Singh, U. Ramamurty, Mechanical behavior and dynamic strain ageing in Haynes® 282 superalloy subjected to accelerated ageing, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 832 (2022) 142486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142486
13. R. Zhang, C. Tian, C. Cui, Y. Zhou, X. Sun, Portevin-Le Châtelier effect in a wrought Ni–Co based superalloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 818 (2020) 152863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152863
14. C. Cui, R. Zhang, Y. Zhou, X. Sun, Portevin-Le Châtelier effect in wrought Ni-based superalloys: experiments and mechanisms, Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 51 (2020) 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.03.023
15. M.F. Ashby, D.R.H. Jones, Engineering Materials 2: An Introduction to Microstructures, Processing and Design, Elsevier, Oxford, 1994.
16. J.W. Martin, Precipitation Hardening, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1998.
17. H. Yuan, W.C. Liu, Effect of the δ phase on the hot deformation behavior of Inconel 718, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 408 (1-2) (2005) 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.08.126
18. P. Bai, P. Huo, J. Wang, C. Yang, Z. Zhao, Z. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Du, H. Qu, Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 alloy manufactured by selective laser melting after solution and double aging treatments, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 911 (2022) 164988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164988
19. M. Moiz, The Influence of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718, Master's Thesis, Linköping University, Sweden, 2013.
20. P. Maj, B. Adamczyk-Cieslak, M. Slesik, J. Mizera, T. Pieja, J. Sieniawski, T. Gancarczyk, S. Dudek, The Precipitation Processes and Mechanical Properties of Aged Inconel 718 Alloy After Annealing, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 62 (3) (2017) 1695-1702. https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0259
21. C. Slama, C. Servant, G. Cizeron, Aging of the Inconel 718 alloy between 500 and 750 °C. Journal of Materials Research, 12 (1997) 2298-2316. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1997.0306
22. H. Zhang, C. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Guo, Y. Huang, H. Li, J. Yu, Effect of hot deformation on γ″ and δ phase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy during deformation & isothermal treatment, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 716 (2017) 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.05.042
23. F. Theska, K. Nomoto, F. Godor, B. Oberwinkler, A. Stanojevic, S.P. Ringer, S. Primig, On the early stages of precipitation during direct ageing of Alloy 718. Acta Materialia, 188 (2020) 492-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.02.034
24. R.C. Reed, The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
25. M.J. Donachie, S.J. Donachie, Superalloys: A Technical Guide, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2002.
26. R. Sharghi-Moshtaghin, S. Asgari, The characteristics of serrated flow in superalloy IN738LC, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 486 (1-2) (2008) 376-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.09.061
27. B.S. Rowlands, C. Rae, E. Galindo-Nava, The Portevin-Le Chatelier effect in nickel-base superalloys: Origins, consequences and comparison to strain ageing in other alloy systems, Progress in Materials Science, 132 (2023) 101038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101038
28. X. Zhang, R. Dong, Y. Zhao, D. Liu, L. Yang, H. Hou, Serrated flow behaviors in a Ni-based superalloy, Materials Research Express, 8 (2) (2021) 026515. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abe0f2
29. M. Yang, T. Luo, L. Lei, Y. Jiang, F. Zhao, F. Xu, P. Wang, Unveiling the transition of PLC effects in Haynes 242 superalloy: Role of microstructural states and temperature-dependent deformation mechanisms, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1037 (2025) 182286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.182286
30. P. Rodriguez, Serrated plastic flow, Bulletin of Materials Science, 6 (1984) 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02743993
31. G. Ananthakrishna, Current theoretical approaches to collective behavior of dislocations, Physics Reports, 440 (4–6) (2007) 113–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2006.10.003
32. P.K. Pradhan, P.S. Robi, S.K. Roy, Micro void coalescence of ductile fracture in mild steel during tensile straining, Fracture and Structural Integrity, 6 (19) (2012) 51-60. https://doi.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.19.05
33. A. Cui, X. Wang, Y. Cui, Multiscale modelling of precipitation hardening: a review. Journal of Materials Science: Materials Theory, 8 (13) (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41313-024-00066-6
34. T.J. Oros, K. Son, A.M. Hodge, M.E. Kassner, The high temperature creep and fracture behavior of Inconel 718 produced by additive manufacturing, Scripta Materialia, 251 (2024) 116208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116208
Published
2025/12/31
How to Cite
Doğan, T., Gündüz, S., & Taştemür, D. (2025). The influence of cold, warm and hot deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 superalloy . Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, 61(3), 303-315. Retrieved from https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/jmm/article/view/60497
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