Identification of phenol in urine in workers with professional exposure
Abstract
Introduction: Due to the increasing use of phenol in various industries, the Central Serbiaregion has an increased need for toxicological analyses. Toxicological measurements areimplemented as a preventive measure to avoid occupational diseases, which is the primary goalof all occupational medicine institutions.
Objective: To demonstrate the significance of continuous biological monitoring of workersexposed to benzene, phenol, and phenolic resins, as well as the rapid and easy detection ofphenol in urine by a semi-quantitative method.
Materials and methods: The study was designed as an analytical, observational, retrospectivecross-sectional study. It was based on a toxicological analysis of phenol concentration inworkers' urine and the processing of documented results from the records of regular systematiccheck-ups at the ZZZR Zastava facility between January 2018 and December 2022.
Results: The values of phenol in the urine of 61 patients were processed through statistical dataanalysis of patient records, of which 58 were male (95%), and three were female (5%). Astatistically significant difference in phenol concentration in urine was shown when consideringage (0.03<0.05) and male patients (0.02<0.05). Furthermore, the study did not reveal astatistically significant correlation between age and measured concentrations of phenol inworkers' urine (0.07>0.05).
Conclusion: Biological monitoring of workers exposed to phenol and its derivatives is importantfrom the perspective of professional toxicology. Exposure time, individual patientcharacteristics, and age are some of the factors that need to be taken into account wheninterpreting and issuing results. Semi-quantitative method for determining phenolconcentration in urine has been shown to be fast, easy, and reliable. Due to the increasing needfor phenol analysis, it is necessary to perform one of the more modern chromatographic methodsfor final confirmation of concentration.
Keywords: phenol, benzene, bisphenol A, professional toxicology, petrochemical and militaryindustry, biomonitoring of workers
References
1. Јанковић МС, уредник. Токсикологија, Факултет медицинских наука. Крагујевац 2014. стр. 72.
2. Vidovix TB, Januаrio EFD, Bergamasco R, Vieira AMS. Bisfenol A adsorption using a low-cost adsorbent prepared from residues of babassu coconut peels. Environ Technol. 2021; 42(15):2372-2384.
3. Zhou PK, Huang RX. Targeting of the respiratory chain by toxicants: beyond the toxicities to mitochondrial morphology. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2018; 29;7(6):1008-1011.
4. Vashisht S, Singh S. Evaluation of phenol red thread test versus schirmer test in dry eyes: A comparative study. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2011; 1(1):40-2.
5. Јокановић М., уредник. Токсикологија. Медицински факултет у Нишу, 2010. стр. 266-8.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - US EPA. Доступно на: https://www.epa.gov/. Последњи пут виђено: 27.11.2022. године
7. International Agency for Research on Cancer - IARC. Доступно на: https://www.iarc.who.int/. Последњи пут виђено: 27.11.2022. године.
8. Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach – Trovanja priručnik. Prevencij, dijagnoza i lečenje. Trinaesto izdanje. Data Status, Beograd. 2005. str. 448-9.
9. Gilbert S.G. A small dose of toxicology: The Health Effects of common Chemicals. CRC Press, 2004.
10. Bruckner JV, Anand SS, Warren DA. Toxic effects of solvents and vapros. U: Casarett and Doll’s Toxicology. The basic science of poisons. Urednik: Klaassen CD, sedmo izdanje, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2008. str: 981-1052.
11. Domínguez-Fernández M, Xu Y, Young Tie Yang P, Alotaibi W, Gibson R, Hall WL, B et all. Quantitative assessment of dietary (poly)phenol intake: A high-throughput targeted metabolomics method for blood and urine samples. J Agric Food Chem. 2021; 13;69(1):537-554.
12. Mihajlović V., Grba N., Suđi J., Eichert, D., Krajinović, S., Gavrilov, M.B., еt al. Assessment of occupational exposure to BTEX in a petrochemical plant via urinary biomarkers. Sustainability. 2021; (13): 71-78.
13. ДаницаПрпић-Мајић.Токсиколошко кемијске анализе. Медицинска књига, Београд- Загреб, 1985.
14. Правилник о граничним вредностума изложености опасним материјама при раду и о биолошким граничним вредностима. Народне новине број: 13/09 i 75/13 (стр. 65)
15. М. Станковић, С. Милић. Анализе биолошког материјала у индустријској тксикологији. Заједница Института и завода заштите на раду Ниш-Институт југословенске и иностране документације заштите на раду Ниш. Доступно на: https://www.znrfak.ni.ac.rs/serbian/009-nauka/izdavastvo-monografije/monografija%20fznr.pdf Последњи пут виђено: 28.03.2023.
16. USEPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Benzene; National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development: Washington, DC, USA, 2002.
17. Omeragić S. Klinički značaj određivanja fenola. ZKMLDFBIH. 2020; 1:1-9.
18. Horozić E., Begić A., Ademović Z., Lazarević S.B. Ponovljivost odabranih metoda za određivanje fenola u urinu tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti. Kem. Ind. 2018. 67: (13): 107-111.
19. Iméne Rebai, José O. Fernandes, Mohamed Azzouz, Karima Benmohammed, Ghania Bader, Karima Benmbarek et al. Urinary bisphenol levels in plastic industry workers. Environmental Research. 2021. 202: 111666.
20. Schirmer E, Schuster S, Machnik P. Bisphenols exert detrimental effects on neuronal signaling in mature vertebrate brains. Commun Biol. 2021. 12;4(1):465.
21. Radia Bousoumah,Veruscka Leso, Ivo Iavicoli, Pasi Huuskonen, Susana Viegas, Simo P. Porras et al. Biomonitoring of occupational exposure to bisphenol A, bisphenol S and bisphenol F: A systematic review. Science of the Total Environment. 2021. 783: 146905.
22. Wu S, Wang F, Lu S, Chen Y, Li W, Li Z, et al. Urinary bisphenol A and incidence of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men: a prospective cohort study from 2013 to 2017. Occup Environ Med. 2019; 76(10):758-764.
23. Farajzadeh M.A., Khiavi E.B., Feriduni B. Determination of phenolic compounds in industrial wastewaters by gas chromatography after extraction and preconcentration by microextraction procedure. Global NEST Journal, 2020; (22):1:109-118.
24. Violeta S., Snežana U. Uticaj štetnosti u procesu rada na bezbednost i zdravlje zaposlenih žena sa osvrtom na tekstilnu industriju. Tekstilna industrija. 2019; (3): 41-7.
25. Smernice dobre laboratorijske prakse, ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 28/2008).
26. Svetska zdravstvena organizacija. Fenol-vodič za zdravlje i sigurnost. Dostupno na: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/39825/9241571616-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Poslednji put viđeno: 02.04.2023.
27. Упутство за узорковање биолошког материјала у токсиколошкој лабораторији. Доступно на: https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/404 Последњи пут виђено: 04.04.2023.
28. Alwadi D, Felty Q, Roy D, Yoo C, Deoraj A. Environmental phenol and paraben exposure risks and their potential influence on the gene expression involved in the prognosis of prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(7):3679.
29. Fan, S., Liang, Z., Gao, Z., Pan, Z., Han, S., Liu, X., et al. Identification of the key genes and pathways in prostate cancer. Oncol. Lett. 2018; 16, 6663–6669.
30. Lu, W., Ding, Z. Identification of key genes in prostate cancer gene expression profile by bioinformatics. Andrologia. 2018; 51, e13169.
31. Artacho-Cordón, F., Fernández, M.F., Frederiksen, H., Iribarne-Durán, L.M., Jiménez-Díaz, I., et al. Environmental Phenols and Parabens in Adipose Tissue from Hospitalized Adults in Southern Spain. Environ. Int. 2018; 119, 203–211.