ACCURACY OF BODY MASS INDEX BASED ON SELF-REPORT DATA AMONG LAW ENFORCEMENT CADETS
Abstract
Height and body mass are often self-reported by study participants. However, the accuracy of this data compared to measured values is limited in tactical trainee populations. This study’s purpose was to compare the accuracy of self-reported height and body mass to measured values within a US law enforcement cadet population, and determine how these estimations affected BMI classifications. METHODS: Self-reported and measured body height and body mass for twenty-six (n=26) male and female cadets (males – age: 31.32 ± 10.04 years; measured height: 178.07 ± 9.87 cm; measured body mass: 92.44 ± 19.37 kg; females – age: 25.67 ± 1.53 years; measured body height: 168.17 ± 4.01 cm; measured body mass: 78.94 ± 11.30 kg) were analyzed. RESULTS: Significant differences between estimated and measured height (p=0.000), body mass (p=0.017), but not BMI (p=0.281) were revealed. CONCLUSION: Self-reported body height and body mass were not accurately reported when compared to measured values. However, reported resulted in accurate BMI classifications.
References
Alghamdi, A.S., Yahya, M.A., Alshammari, G.M. & Osman, M.A. (2017). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among police officers in Riyadh City and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16, 79.
Ball, K., Mishra, G. & Crawford, D. (2002). Which aspects of socioeconomic status are related to obesity among men and women? International Journal of Obesity, 26, 559-565.
Bhaskaran, K., Dos-Santos-Silva, I., Leon, D.A, Douglas, I.J. & Smeeth, L. (2018). Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3•6 million adults in the UK. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 6, 944-953.
Bowring, A.L., Peeters, A., Freak-Poli, R., Lim, M.S., Gouillou, M. & Hellard, M. (2012). Measuring the accuracy of self-reported height and weight in a communi¬ty-based sample of young people. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12, 175.
Boyce, R., Jones, G., Lloyd, C. & Boone, E. (2008). A longitudinal observation of police: body composition changes over 12 years with gender and race comparisons. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 11(6), 1-13.
Ćopić, N., Kukić, F., Tomić, I., Parčina, I. & Dopsaj, M. (2008). The impact of shift work on nutritional status of police officers. Journal of Criminalistics and Law, 25(1), 1-12.
Čvorović, A., Kukić, F., Orr, R.M., Dawes, J.J., Jeknić, V. & Stojković, M. (2018). Impact of a 12-week postgraduate training course on the body composition and physical abilities of police trainees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, [published online ahead of print, 2018 Oct 17]
Čvorović, A., Orr, R., and Bacetić, N. (2018). Effects of a 12-week physical training program and nutrition plan on the body composition of overweight police trainees. In D. Simović (Ed.), International Scientific Conference “Archibald Reiss Days” (Vol. 2, pp. 49-59). Belgrade: Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies.
Dawes, J.J., Kornhauser, C., Crespo, D., Elder, C.L., Lindsay, K. & Holmes, R.J. (2018). Does body mass index influence the physiological and perceptual demands associated with defensive tactics training in state patrol officers? International Jour¬nal of Exercise Science, 11, 319.
Dawes, J.J., Lockie, R.G., Kukić, F., Čvorović, A., Kornhauser, C., Holmes, R. & Orr, R.M. (2019). Accuracy of self-reported height, body mass and derived body mass index in a group of law enforcement officers. Journal of Criminalistics and Law, 24(2), 7-15.
Dawes, J.J., Lockie, R.G., Orr, R.M., Kornhauser, C. & Holmes, R. (2019). Initial fit¬ness testing scores as a predictor of police academy graduation. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, 27, 30-37.
Dawes, J.J., Orr, R.M., Siekaniec, C.L., Vanderwoude, A.A. & Pope, R. (2016). Asso¬ciations between anthropometric characteristics and physical performance in male law enforcement officers: a retrospective cohort study. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 28, 26.
Dinsa, G.D., Goryakin, Y., Fumagalli, E. & Suhrcke, M. (2012). Obesity and socio¬economic status in developing countries: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 13, 1067-1079.
Dopsaj, M. & Vuković, M. (2015). Prevalence of the body mass index (BMI) among the members of the ministry of interior of the republic of Serbia: Pilot study. Bez¬bednost, Beograd 57, 28-48.
Eknoyan, G. (2008). Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874) the average man and indices of obesity. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23(1), 47-47.
Ernsberger, P. (2012). BMI, body build, body fatness, and health risks. Fat Studies, 1(1), 6-12.
Garbarino, S. & Magnavita, N. (2015). Work stress and metabolic syndrome in po¬lice officers. A prospective study. PloS One, 10(12), 1-15.
Kirchengast, S. (2010). Gender differences in body composition from childhood to old age: An evolutionary point of view. Journal of Life Sciences, 2, 1-10.
Koropanovski, N., Kukić, F., Janković, R., Dimitrijević, R., Dawes, J.J., Lockie, R.G. & Dopsaj, M. (2020). Impact of physical fitness on recruitment and its association to study outcomes of police students. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 42(1), 23-34.
Kukić, F. & Čvorović, A. (2019). The strategic approach to an improvement of health-related physical fitness of police officers: An 8-week exercise intervention: Pilot study. Bezbednost, Beograd, 61, 28-45.
Kukić, F. & Dopsaj, M. (2016). Structural analysis of body composition status in Abu Dhabi police personnel. Journal of Criminalistics and Law, 21, 19-38.
Kukic, F., Cvorovic, A., Dawes, J.J. & Koropanovski, N. (2017). Body mass index differences of police cadets and police employees. In S., Mandarić, L., Moskovljević, M., Marković, and M., Ćosić (Ed.), International Scientific Conference “Effects Of Applying Physical Activity On Anthropological Status Of Children, Adolescents And Adults” (pp. 193-198). Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade.
Kukic, F., Dopsaj, M., Dawes, J.J., Orr, R. & Cvorovic, A. (2018). Use of human body morphology as an indication of physical fitness: implications for police officers. In¬ternational Journal of Morphology, 36, 1407-1412.
Kukić, F., Dopsaj, M., Nikić, M.Đ., Koropanovski, N., Maksimović, M., Eminović, F. & Dopsaj, V. (2020). Educational status, leisure-time physical activity and body composition in Serbian adult population. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49, 606-608.
Kukic, F., Koropanovski, N., Jankovic, R., Cvorovic, A., Dawes, J.J., Lockie, R.G., Orr, R.M. & Dopsaj, M. (2020). Association of sex-related differences in body com¬position to change of direction speed in police officers while carrying load. Interna¬tional Journal of Morphology, 38, 731-736.
Kukic, F., Scekic, A., Koropanovski, N., Cvorovic, A., Dawes, J.J. & Dopsaj, M. (2019). Age-related body composition differences in female police officers. Interna¬tional Journal of Morphology, 37(1), 302-307.
Lagestad, P. & Van den Tillaar, R. (2014). A comparison of training and physical per¬formance of police students at the start and the end of three-year police education. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28, 1394-1400.
Lockie, R.G., Balfany, K., Bloodgood, A.M., Moreno, M.R., Cesario, K.A., Dulla, J.M., Dawes, J.J. & Orr, R.M.. (2019). The influence of physical fitness on reasons for academy separation in law enforcement recruits. International Journal of Environ¬mental Research and Public Health, 16, 372.
Lockie, R.G., Dawes, J.J., Orr, R.M. & Dulla, J.M. (2020). Recruit fitness standards from a large law enforcement agency: Between-class comparisons, percentile rank¬ings, and implications for physical training. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Re¬search, 34, 934-941.
Martin, R.C., Grier, T., Canham-Chervak, M., Anderson, M.K., Bushman, T.T., De¬Groot, D.W. & Jones, B.H. (2016). Validity of self-reported physical fitness and body mass index in a military population. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30, 26-32.
Maukonen, M., Männistö, S. & Tolonen, H. (2018). A comparison of measured ver¬sus self-reported anthropometrics for assessing obesity in adults: a literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 46, 565-579.
Nyholm, M., Gullberg, B., Merlo, J., Lundqvist-Persson, C., Råstam, L. & Lindblad, U. (2007). The validity of obesity based on self‐reported weight and height: implica¬tions for population studies. Obesity, 15, 197-208.
Olfert, M.D., Barr, M.L., Charlier, C.M., Famodu, O.A., Zhou, W., Mathews, A.E., Byrd-Bredbenner, C. & Colby, S.E. (2018). Self-reported vs. measured height, weight, and BMI in young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2216.
Provencher, M.T., Chahla, J., Sanchez, G., Cinque, M.E., Kennedy, N.I., Whalen, J., Price, M.D., Moatshe, G. & LaPrade, R.F. (2018). Body mass index versus body fat percentage in prospective national football league athletes: overestimation of obesity rate in athletes at the national football league scouting combine. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32, 1013-1019.
Riebe, D., Ehrman, J. K., Liguori, G., Magal, M. (2018). ACSM’s guidelines for exer¬cise testing and prescription. Philadelphia, US: Wolters Kluwer.
Rothman, KJ. (2008). BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity. Interna¬tional Journal of Obesity, 32, S56-S59.
Shiely, F., Perry, I.J., Lutomski, J., Harrington, J., Kelleher, C.C., McGee, H. & Hayes, K. (2010). Temporal trends in misclassification patterns of measured and self-report based body mass index categories-findings from three population surveys in Ire¬land. BMC Public Health, 10, 560.
Sobal, J. (1991). Obesity and socioeconomic status: A framework for examining rela¬tionships between physical and social variables. Medical Anthropology, 13, 231-247.
Sörensen, L., Smolander, J., Louhevaara, V., Korhonen, O. & Oja, P. (2000). Physical activity, fitness and body composition of Finnish police officers: a 15-year follow-up study. Occupational Medicine, 50, 3-10.
Steinhardt, M., Greenhow, L. & Stewart, J. (1991). The relationship of physical ac¬tivity and cardiovascular fitness to absenteeism and medical care claims among law enforcement officers. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5, 455-460.
Sullivan, G. M. & Feinn, R. (2012). Using effect size—or why the P value is not enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4(3), 279-282.
Violanti, J.M., Ma, C.C., Fekedulegn, D., Andrew, M.E., Gu, J.K., Hartley, T.A., Charles, L.E. & Burchfiel, C.M. (2017). Associations between body fat percentage and fitness among police officers: A statewide study. Safety and Health at Work, 8, 36-41.
Vuković, M., Kukić, F., Čvorović, A., Janković, D., Prćić, I. & Dopsaj, M. (2020). Relations between frequency and volume of leisure-time physical activity and body composition in police officers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91, 47-54.
Wen, M. & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2012). Sex and ethnic differences in validity of self-reported adult height, weight and body mass index. Ethnicity & Disease, 22, 72.
WHO. (2017). Obesity and overweight [WHO]. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight