ACCURACY AND PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY OF BODY MASS INDEX IN EVALUATION OF OBESITY AND BODY FATNESS LEVEL IN POLICE OFFICERS
Sažetak
This study evaluated the accuracy and predictive value of body mass index (BMI) in evaluation of obesity and body fatness. Data on BMI and percent body fat (PBF) were collected on 953 male police officers who were allocated into age groups: 20-29 years, 30-39 years, and 40-49 years. BMI > 30.0 kg/m2 and PBF > 25% were classified as obese, and those with lower values were classified as non-obese. Chi-square was used to evaluate the accuracy in classification in obese and non-obese when officers’ BMI was matched to PBF. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analyses determined the prediction value of BMI. Chi-square revealed significant difference in obesity prevalence when evaluated by BMI and PBF, with classification accuracy of 44.5%-71.8%, depending on age. BMI had moderate prediction value of body fatness. If the assessment of PBF is not attainable, BMI needs to be used carefully as it is likely to underestimate obesity among police officers.
Reference
Aandstad, A., Holtberget, K., Hageberg, R., Holme, I., & Anderssen, S. A. (2014). Validity and reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness in predicting body fat in military personnel. Military Medicine, 179(2), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00545
Alghamdi, A. S., Yahya, M. A., Alshammari, G. M., & Osman, M. A. (2017). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among police officers in Riyadh City and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0467-9
Anderson, G. S., Plecas, D., & Segger, T. (2001). Police officer physical ability testing – Re‐validating a selection criterion. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 24(1), 8–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510110382232
Ball, K., Mishra, G., & Crawford, D. (2002). Which aspects of socioeconomic status are related to obesity among men and women? International Journal of Obesity, 26(4), 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801960
Boyce, R. W., Jones, G., & Lloyd, C. (2008). A longitudinal observation of police: Body composition changes over 12 years with gender and race comparisons. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 11(6), 13.
Charles, L. E., Burchfiel, C. M., Violanti, J. M., Fekedulegn, D., Slaven, J. E., Browne, R. W., Hartley, T. A., & Andrew, M. E. (2008). Adiposity measures and oxidative stress among police officers. Obesity, 16(11), 2489–2497. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.395
Ćopić, N., Kukić, F., Tomić, I., Parčin, I., & Dopsaj, M. (2020). The impact of shift-work on nutritional status of police officers. Journal of Criminalistics and Law, 25(1). 3-14. https://doi.org/10.5937/nabepo25-24628
Čvorović, A., Kukić, F., Orr, R. M., Dawes, J. J., Jeknić, V., & Stojković, M. (2018a). Impact of a 12-week postgraduate training course on the body composition and physical abilities of police trainees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002834
Čvorović, A., Orr, R. M., & Bacetić, N. (2018b). Effects of a 12-week physical training program and nutrition plan on the body composition of overweight police trainers. International Scientific Conference “Archibald Reiss Days” Thematic Conference Proceedings of International Significance, 49–59. https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/effects-of-a-12-week-physical-training-program-and-nutrition-plan
Dawes, J. J., Lockie, R. G., Kukic, F., Cvorovic, A., Kornhauser, C., Holmes, R., & Orr, R. M. (2019). Accuracy of self-report height, body mass and derived body mass index in a group of law enforcement officers. Journal of Criminalistics and Law, 24(2), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.5937/nabepo24-21191
Dawes, J. Jay, Kornhauser, C., Crespo, D., Elder, C., & Lindsay, K. G. (2018). Does body mass index influence the physiological and perceptual demands associated with defensive tactics training in state patrol officers? International Journal of Exercise Science, 11(6), 319–330.
Dawes, James Jay, Orr, R. M., Siekaniec, C. L., Vanderwoude, A. A., & Pope, R. (2016). Associations between anthropometric characteristics and physical performance in male law enforcement officers: A retrospective cohort study. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0112-5
de Abreu, A. M., Wilvert, L. C., & Wazlawik, E. (2020). Comparison of body mass index, skinfold thickness, and bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry in hemodialysis patients. Nutrition in Clinical Practice: Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10481
Dopsaj, M., & Dimitrijević, R. (2013). The academy of criminalistic and police studies female students morphological status models defined by multichannel bioelectrical impedance. Nauka, Bezbednost, Policija, 18(1), 39–56.
Dopsaj, M., & Vuković, M. (2015). Prevalence of the body mass index (BMI) among the members of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia: Pilot study. Bezbednost, Beograd, 57(3), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost1503028D
Green, T., & Gates, A. (2014). Understanding the Process of professionalisation in the Police Organisation. The Police Journal, 87(2), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2014.87.2.662
Heinrich, K. M., Gurevich, K. G., Arkhangelskaia, A. N., Karazhelyaskov, O. P., & Poston, W. S. C. (2020). Despite low obesity rates, body mass index under-estimated obesity among Russian police officers when compared to body fat percentage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061937
Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S. B., Baumgartner, R. N., & Ross, R. (2000). Estimation of skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.465
Kemble, C. D., Mun, J., Rowe, D. A., DuBose, K. D., Raedeke, T. D., & Mahar, M. T. (2010). Accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analyzers in college athletes: Does hydration matter? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JSC.0000367143.32584.23
Kukić, F., Čvorović, A., Dawes, J., Orr, R. M., & Dopsaj, M. (2018). Relations of body voluminosity and indicators of muscularity with physical performance of police employees: Pilot study. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 4(111), 30–38.
Kukić, F., & Dopsaj, M. (2016). Structural analysis of body composition status in Abu Dhabi police personnel. Nauka, Bezbednost, Policija, 21(3), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.5937/nabepo21-12244
Kukic, F., Dopsaj, M., Dawes, J., Orr, R., & Cvorovic, A. (2018). Use of human body morphology as an indicator of physical fitness: Implications for police officers. International Journal of Morphology, 36(4), 1407–1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022018000401407
Kukić, F., Koropanovski, N., Janković, R., Čvorović, A., Dawes, J. J., Lockie, G. R., Orr, R. M., & Dopsaj, M. (2020). Association of sex-related differences in body composition to change of direction speed in police officers while carrying load. International Journal of Morphology, 38(3), 731–736. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022020000300731
Kukic, F., Scekic, A., Koropanovski, N., Cvorovic, A., Dawes, J. J., & Dopsaj, M. (2019). Age-related body composition differences in female police officers. International Journal of Morphology, 37(1), 302–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022019000100302
Kukić, F., Todorović, N., & Cvijanović, N. (2019). Effects of a 6-week controled exercise program and semi-controled diet on body fat and skeletal muscle mass in adults. Human. Sport. Medicine, 19(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm190101
Laskey, M. A. (1996). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 12(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-9007(95)00017-8
Lukaski, H. C. (1993). Soft tissue composition and bone mineral status: Evaluation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The Journal of Nutrition, 123(2 Suppl), 438–443. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.suppl_2.438
Maupin, D., Wills, T., Orr, R., & Schram, B. (2018). Fitness profiles in elite tactical units: A critical review. International Journal of Exercise Science 11(3), 1041–1062.
Provencher, M. T., Chahla, J., Sanchez, G., Cinque, M. E., Kennedy, N. I., Whalen, J., Price, M. D., Moatshe, G., & LaPrade, R. F. (2018). Body mass index versus body fat percentage in prospective National Football League athletes: Overestimation of obesity rate in athletes at the National Football League scouting combine. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(4), 1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002449
Riebe, D., Ehrman, J. K., Liguori, G., & Megal, M. (2018). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Rothman, K. J. (2008). BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 32 Suppl 3, S56-59. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.87
Sorensen, L., Smolander, J., Louhevaara, V., Korhonen, O., & Oja, P. (2000). Physical activity, fitness and body composition of Finnish police officers: A 15-year follow-up study. Occupational Medicine, 50(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/50.1.3
Sullivan, G. M., & Feinn, R. (2012). Using effect size—Or why the P value is not enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4(3), 279–282. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1
Violanti, J. M., Burchfiel, C. M., Miller, D. B., Andrew, M. E., Dorn, J., Wactawski-Wende, J., Beighley, C. M., Pierino, K., Joseph, P. N., Vena, J. E., Sharp, D. S., & Trevisan, M. (2006). The Buffalo cardio-metabolic occupational police stress (BCOPS) pilot Study: Methods and participant characteristics. Annals of Epidemiology, 16(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.07.054
Vuković, M., Kukić, F., Čvorović, A., Janković, D., Prćić, I., & Dopsaj, M. (2020). Relations between frequency and volume of leisure-time physical activity and body composition in police officers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1646391
WHO. (2017). Obesity and overweight [WHO]. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Williams, J. R. (2008). The declaration of Helsinki and public health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(8), 650–652. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.050955