Politička ekonomija uzbunjivanja visokog rizika u Južnoj Africi
Sažetak
Uzbunjivanje, koje se dešava kada unutrašnji saradnici organizacije otkriju zloupotrebe vlasti koja može da deluje, uspostavljen je kao mehanizam koji ima sposobnost da se bori, ili čak spreči, visoko nivo zloupotrebe. Mnogi globalni istraživački projekti su istražili učestalost i prirodu odmazde kojoj su izloženi uzbunjivači. Ipak, nedostaje istraživanja o političkoj ekonomiji uzbunjivanja nepravilnosti. Ovaj rad, koristeći dokumente kao izvore podataka, nastoji da istraži globalni obrazac posledica koje doživljavaju uzbunjivači, pri čemu je iskustva južnoafričkih uzviđača dokaz za to. Tako, slučajevi južnoafričkih uzbunjivači koji su se suočili sa velikim rizikom dobijaju posebnu pažnju. Ovaj rad tvrdi da slaba zakonska zaštita uzviđača značajno doprinosi tome što uzbunjivači trpe česte i teške odmazde u Južnoj Africi. Takođe se utvrđuje da postoji apsolutna neravnoteža moći između onih koji prijavljuju nepravilnosti i onih koji ih perpetuiraju. Na kraju, jedinstven doprinos ovog rada leži u utvrđivanju da je problem slabe legislacije otežan neoliberalnom političkom ekonomijom. S obzirom da Južna Afrika predstavlja primer neoliberalne političke ekonomije, inicijative usmerene ka rešavanju problema korupcije (poput jačanja zakona o zaštiti uzbunjivača) postaju teške u sistemu gde je kriminalni kapital rasprostranjen, a širok spektar korumpiranih i društveno štetnih praksi je uobičajen. Ovaj rad, međutim, priznaje da pro-socijalne prakse mogu postojati unutar takvog sistema, pri čemu su akcije uzbunjivača dokaz za to. Ipak, revizija instrumenta zaštite uzbunjivači bi zahtevala kulturni i političko-ekonomski otpor neoliberalizmu.
Reference
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Bjørkelo, B., & Matthiesen, S.B. (2011). Preventing and Dealing with Retaliation Against Whistleblowers. In D. Lewis, & W. Vandekerckhove (Eds.), Whistleblowing and Democratic Values (pp. 127-149). The International Whistleblowing Research Network.
Breytenbach, G., & Brodie, N. (2017). Rule of Law: A Memoir. Pan Macmillan South Africa.
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods (Fourth edition). Oxford University Press.
Chappell, B. (2017, May 17). Chelsea Manning, Once Sentenced To 35 Years, Walks Free After 7 Years. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/17/528731790/after-serving-7-years-of-a-35-year-sentence-chelsea-manning-to-walk-free
Dávid Barrett, E. (2023). State capture and development: a conceptual framework. Journal of International Relations and Development, 26, 224-244. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-023-00290-6
Dlamini, S. (2019, February 28). #PICInquiry: En Masse Resignation Could Have Cost PIC its Fais Licence. Cape Times. https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/cape-times/20190228/281900184502130
Feinstein, S., & Devine, T. (2021). Are whistleblowing laws working? A global study of whistleblower protection litigation. Government Accountability Project and the International Bar Association.
Greenwald, G., MacAskill, E., & Poitras, L. (2013, June 11). Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance
Kenny, K., & Fanchini, M. (2024). Troubling organizational violence with Judith Butler: Surviving whistleblower reprisals. Gender, Work & Organization, 31(4), 1425-1443. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13083
Kostić, J.Ž. (2024). The Challenges Related to Whistleblowing in the Field of Environmental Crime Prevention. NBP. Nauka, bezbednost, policija, 29(3), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.5937/nabepo29-51656
Levy-Abegnoli, J. (2016, June 29). LuxLeaks whistleblowers guilty verdicts 'a disgrace'. The Parliament. https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/luxleaks-whistleblowers-guilty-verdicts-a-disgrace
Lewis, D., & Uys, T. (2007). Protecting whistleblowers at work: A comparison of the impact of British and South African legislation. Managerial Law, 49(3), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090550710816492
Martin, L. (2020, November 24). Whistleblower Maria Efimova fears for her safety amid threats and new arrest warrants. openDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/whistleblower-maria-efimova-fears-her-safety-amid-threats-and-new-arrest-warrants/
Mesa, J. (2024, July 9). Boeing's Dead Whistleblowers: Who Were Joshua Dean and John Barnett? Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/boeing-dead-whistleblowers-joshua-dean-john-barnett-1922941
Mothepu, M. (2021). Uncaptured: The true account of the Nenegate/Trillian whistleblower. Penguin Books.
Mpati, L., Marcus, G., & Lediga, E. (2020, March 12). Report of the Judicial Commission of Enquiry into Allegations of Impropriety at the Public Investment Corporation. Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of Impropriety at the Public Investment Corporation.
Near, J.P., & Miceli, M.P. (1985). Organizational Dissidence: The Case of Whistleblowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 4, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382668
Near, J.P., & Miceli, M.P. (1986). Retaliation Against Whistle Blowers: Predictors and Effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(1), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.1.137
Pegg, D., Makortoff, K., Chulov, M., Lewis, P., & Harding, L. (2022, February 20). Revealed: Credit Suisse leak unmasks criminals, fraudsters and corrupt politicians. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2022/feb/20/credit-suisse-secrets-leak-unmasks-criminals-fraudsters-corrupt-politicians
Prior, L. (2003). Using Documents in Social Research. SAGE Publications Limited and SAGE Publications Incorporated.
Radulovic, U. (2023a). The Predicament of the Unprotected: Why Lacklustre Legislation Fails South African Whistleblowers. African Journal of Business Ethics, 17(1), 54-75. https://doi.org/10.15249/17-1-333
Radulovic, U. (2023b). The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance? Whistleblowing within the Context of State Capture in South Africa. The Thinker, 97(4), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.36615/the_thinker.v97i4.2863
Radulovic, U. (2023c). The role of whistleblowing as a mechanism to prevent state capture: A case from the Global South. NBP. Nauka, bezbednost, policija, 28(3), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.5937/nabepo28-47438
Radulovic, U. (2025). Who will Protect the Night’s Watch? Legislative Reform and a State Apparatus for the Comprehensive Shielding of South African Whistleblowers. NBP. Nauka, bezbednost, policija, 30(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.5937/nabepo30-54668
Sadie, A. (2019). Statement before the Judicial Commission of Enquiry into Allegations of Impropriety regarding the Public Investment Corporation (PIC). Pretoria.
Schweller, G. (2023, February 7). Switzerland Seeks to Prosecute Suisse Secrets Whistleblower. Whistleblower Network News. https://whistleblowersblog.org/global-whistleblowers/switzerland-seeks-to-prosecute-suisse-secrets-whistleblower/amp/
South Africa, Republic of. (1996, May 8). Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Constitutional Court.
South Africa, Republic of. (2000, August 7). Act No. 26 of 2000: Protected Disclosures Act. Cape Town: Government Gazette 422(21453).
South Africa, Republic of. (2002, August 2). Act No. 25 of 2002: Electronic Communications and Transactions Act. Cape Town: Government Gazette 446(23708).
South Africa, Republic of. (2011, December 5). Act No. 17 of 2011: Protection from Harassment Act. Cape Town: Government Gazette 558(34818).
South Africa, Republic of. (2017, August 2). Act No. 5 of 2017: Protected Disclosures Amendment Act. Cape Town: Government Gazette 626(41016).
Stimpel, C. (2021). Hijackers on Board: How One Courageous Whistleblower Fought Against the Capture of SAA. Tafelberg.
Thakur, C. (2018a). Whistle-blower Protection: Does South Africa Match Up? Part I. Helen Suzman Foundation. https://hsf.org.za/publications/hsf-briefs/whistle-blower-protection-does-south-africa-match-up-part-i#sdendnote15anc
Thakur, C. (2018b). Whistle-blower Protection: Does South Africa Match Up? Part II. Helen Suzman Foundation. https://hsf.org.za/publications/hsf-briefs/whistle-blower-protection-does-south-africa-match-up-part-ii
Tombs, S., & Whyte, D. (2015). The Corporate Criminal: Why corporations must be abolished. Routledge.
Transparency International. (2018). A Best Practice Guide for Whistleblowing Legislation. Berlin.
Troianovski, A. (2020, October 23). Edward Snowden, in Russia Since 2013, Is Granted Permanent Residency. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/world/europe/russia-putin-snowden-resident.html
Uys, T. (2022). Whistleblowing and the Sociological Imagination. Palgrave Macmillan.
Uys, T., & Radulovic, U. (2025). Truth to Power: A Historical Overview of Whistleblowing in South Africa. South African Review of Sociology, 55(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2025.2493730
Whyte, D., & Wiegratz, J. (2016a). Neoliberalism, moral economy and fraud. In D. Whyte, & J. Wiegratz (Eds.), Neoliberalism and the Moral Economy of Fraud (pp. 1–16). Routledge.
Whyte, D., & Wiegratz, J. (2016b). The moral economy of neoliberal fraud. In D. Whyte, & J. Wiegratz (Eds.), Neoliberalism and the Moral Economy of Fraud (pp. 229–252). Routledge.
WikiLeaks. (N.D.). Baghdad War Diary. https://wikileaks.org/irq/
Wright, J. (2025). Improving Legislative Protection for Whistleblowers of Corruption in South African Municipalities. Southern African Public Law, 40(1), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.25159/2522-6800/17941
