Ideological Self-obsession and the Burden of Victims. Review of the ISC case
Abstract
In this paper, we intend to present the anchor points of the Ustasha ideology that used to be the foundation of the Independent State of Croatia. This puppet creation, made on the ruins of the Yugoslav monarchy, promoted nationalist fury. Its intention was to create an ethnically clean state in the territory where, in geopolitical terms, it was impossible without an exodus and execution of the population with other nationalities. Commitment to anti-Semitism was used by this state as an impetus for national intolerance towards Serbs and it largely exceeded the intended pattern of the Nazi Holocaust. The remembrance culture was created presenting the past as a decades long struggle, the cause of which was mostly attributed to Serbs. The culmination was the Yugoslav dungeon. Young generations were brought up and educated to represent national purity and to serve the Supreme Leader loyally. The personality cult was the crown of such furious ideology that, in its decisive intention to reach its realization, despite the resistance of the reality, used all available means. The war and uncontrollable hatred were favourable circumstances for the final solution to the Croatian question that, in the Ustasha ideology, was impossible without the thorough solution to the Serbian factor. The consequences of this were innumerable victims.
References
References / Литература
Arbutina, B., Bogunović-Ljubičić M., Radaković, B. (2022). Kozara 1942, Selected Testimonies and Documents. Beograd: Muzej žrtava genocida. Available at: https://www.2.muzejgenocida.rs/images/Kozara%20za%20sajt.pdf [In Serbian]
Bzik, M. (1942). Ustasha Victory. Zagreb: Naklada glavnog ustaškog stana [In Croatian]
Bzik, M. (1944). Ustasha Views. Zagreb: Naklada i izdanje Ustaške tiskare u Zagrebu. [In Croatian]
Bulgaria and Croatia. (16 November 1941). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta (16). [In Croatian]
Croatian Guard. (19 October 1941). [In Croatian]
Croatian Plebiscite. (1 April 1945). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (13). [In Croatian]
Destructive and bloodthirsty outlaw spirit. (22 August 1943). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (34). [In Croatian]
Dugački, Z. (1942). Geography of Croatia, General Part. Zagreb: Izdanje Matice hrvatske. [In Croatian]
Ekmečić, M. (2008). Long Movement between Slaughter and Plowing, History of Serbs in the New Century 1492–1992. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike. [In Serbian]
Fifth of December 1918 (5 December 1943). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (43). [In Croatian]
First Years of the Serbian Rule in Croatia. (6 December 1942). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (49). [In Croatian]
Geiger, V. (2020). The question of the number of victims in the Jasenovac camp in Croatian and Serbian historiography, journalism and public after the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – facts, controversies and manipulations. Časopis za suvremenu povjest, LII(2), 517–587. doi: https://doi.org/10.22586/csp.v52i2.11253 [In Croatian]
Gellner, E. (1998). Nations and Nationalisms. Zagreb: Politička kultura. [In Croatian]
Goals of the Defeated Enemy. (4 August 1943). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (31). [In Croatian]
Goldstein, S. (2012). 1941: the Year that Keeps Returning. Beograd: Službeni glasnik; Synopsis [In Serbian]
Hobsbawm, E. (1993). Nations and Nationalism: Programme, Myth, Reality. Zagreb: Novi Liber. [In Croatian]
Hobsbawm, E. (2002). The Age of Extremes. Beograd: Dereta. [In Serbian]
Huxley, A. (1977). Brave New World. Beograd: Kentaur. [In Serbian]
I Was in Jasenovac. (4-11 March 1945). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (9–10). [In Croatian]
Kaleb, V. (19 November 1971). I Am Speaking about Tolerance. Hrvatski tjednik, novine za kulturna i društvena pitanja, br. 31 [In Croatian]
Karamarko, M. (1941). The Cult of Rakovica. Plava revija, mjesečnik ustaške mladeži, II (1). [In Croatian]
Lajbenšperger, N. (2019). Victims of the Second World War in the Politics of the Yugoslav State 1945–1980 (doctoral dissertation). Filozofski fakultet: Beograd
Lukács, G. (1966). The Destruction of Reason, the Road of Irrationalism, from Schelling to Hitler. Beograd: Kultura. [In Serbian]
Marković, P. (2021). (Un)counted Victims of Jasenovac. In: D. Nikodijević, Jasenovac between the Number and the Victim, a Contribution to the Study of the Number of Victims in the Jasenovac Concentration Camp System. Beograd: Muzej žrtava genocida. [In Serbian]
Marković, S., Vučković, Ž. (2021). The Breakthrough of National-socialism – Germans in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941, Sociološki pregled, (3), 1165–1182. doi: 10.5937/socpreg55-32323 [In Serbian]
Matković, H. (2002). History of the Independent State of Croatia. Zagreb: Naklada Pavičić. [In Croatian]
Miletić, A. (1988). Ustasha Death Factory, 1041–1945. Beograd: Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. [In Serbian]
Milošević, T. (2021). Genocide of the Independent State of Croatia over the Serbian People in the Studies of the Military-Historical Institute. In: B. Dimitrijević, D. Tasić, D. Denda (eds) The Second World War 75 Years Later, Volume II (341–359) Beograd: INIS [In Serbian]
Mitrović, A. (2001). Clio before Temptations and Debates with Clio. Beograd: Čigoja. [In Serbian]
Nikolić, S. (2009). Allies and the Resistance Movements in Yugoslavia (1941–1945). Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike. [In Serbian]
Novak, V. (1086). Magnum Crimen, Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia. Beograd: Nova knjiga. [In Serbian]
Oršanić, I. (1941). Our Task. Plava revija, mjesečnik ustaške mladeži, II(1). [In Croatian]
Pavelić, A. (1941). Ustasha. Zagreb: Ured za promociju glavnog ustaškog stana. [In Croatian]
Resurrection and Peace. (1 April 1945). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (13). [In Croatian]
Revolutionary Campaign on 5 December 1918, Bloody Protest against “Unification”. (1.12.1943). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (1). [In Croatian]
Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius. (1941, November 16). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta. (16). [In Croatian]
Tomasevich, J. (2010). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945. Okupacija i kolaboracija. Zagreb: EPH Liber [In Croatian]
Trifković, S. (2020). Ustasha crimes, Serbian victims, numbers and politics: Toward a rational debate, Istorija 20. veka, XXXVIII (1), 203–222. doi: 10.29362/ist20veka.2020.1.tri.203-222 [In Serbian]
Ustasha Youth and Idealism (9 November 1941). Ustaška mladež, omladinski prilog Ustaše, (15) [In Croatian]
Vujošević, J. (1989). Suffering of Yugoslavs in the Second World War. Vojnoistorijski glasnik, XL (3), 393-401 [In Serbian]
We Knew You (7 March 1943). Ustaša, vesnik hrvatskog oslobodilačkog pokreta (9). [In Croatian]
Zundhausen, H. (2009). History of Serbia from the 19th to the 20th Century. Beograd: Klio. [In Serbian]
