Demografic analysis of biopesticide effects on the two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) following egg treatment
Abstract
The effects of biopesticide products based on oxymatrine, azadirachtin and Beauveria
bassiana (strain ATCC 74040) on demographic parameters of the two-spotted spider mite,
Tetranychus urticaeKoch (Acari: Tetranychidae), were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. The
biopesticides were applied by spraying 24 h old eggs laid on bean leaves, using the following
concentrations: 50 μl/l (oxymatrine-based product), 0.75 g/l (azadirachtin-based product)
and 3 ml/l (B. bassiana-based product). These concentrations were within 95% confidence
limits of the LC50s estimated in acute toxicity bioassays. The mites that hatched from treated
eggs completed their juvenile development on the same leaf discs, i.e. the toxic effect was
caused by topical treatment and residual exposure. When the surviving females entered
their preovipositional period, cohorts of 40 control and 40 treated females were transferred
to untreated leaf discs (1 female/disc). Females were transferred daily to new discs until
the death of the last one. Using the data on their age-specific survival and age-specific
fertility (production of female offspring), the following demographic parameters were
estimated: gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase
(rm), finite rate of increase (λ), and mean generation time (T). The biopesticides significantly
affected these demographic parameters in females that survived treatments. All three
biopesticides significantly reduced the GRR and R0 values. In the bioassays with oxymatrineand
azadirachtin-based products, the rm and λ values were reduced by 22% and 5%, and
16% and 4%, respectively, due to reduced survival and fertility, as well as extended juvenile
developmental time of females that survived treatment, compared to control females. In
the bioassay with the B. bassiana-based product, the rm and λ values were reduced by 7%
and 2%, respectively, mostly due to the reduced survival of treated females. The oxymatrineand
azadirachtin-based products significantly extended, while B. bassiana-based product
reduced the T values.
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