Prirodni i polusintetički insekticidi u zaštiti luka od šteta koje izazivaju žičnjaci
Sažetak
Larve žičnjaka (Elateridae: Agriotes spp.), predstavljaju značajnu pretnju globalnoj
poljoprivredi, posebno korenasto-krtolastom povrću kao što je luk. Njihov podzemni način života čini ih izazovnim za suzbijanje koji je dodatno komplikovan povlačenjem tradicionalnih sintetičkih insekticida iz upotrebe. Stoga, ova studija upoređuje efekte prirodnih, polusintetičkih i sintetičkih insekticida u kontroli oštećenja od žičnjaka na usevu luka.
Terenski ogledi efikasnosti različitih insekticidnih tretmana na gustinu biljaka, oštećenje
od žičnjaka (%) i ukupan prinos luka sprovedeni su 2024. godine u Institutu za povrtarstvo (Smederevska Palanka, Srbija). Eksperiment je podrazumevao šest tretmana: netretirana kontrola, tri prirodna insekticida (dve formulacije a.s. spinosada: granule (GR) i koncentrovana suspenzija (SC), i B. bassiana ATCC 74040 2,3×107 konidiospora/ml), polusintetički insekticid (a.s. spinetoram) i sintetički insekticid (a.s. teflutir). Tretiranje je rađeno u vreme sadnje crnog luka prema preporučenoj količini primene po hektaru. Ocene su urađene 20 i 42 dana posle tretmana (DPT) da bi se odredila gustina biljaka. Oštećenja biljaka luka od žičnjaka zabeležena su 42 DPT, a prinos je izračunat vaganjem ubranih lukovica luka nakod žetve. Rezultati su
pokazali da je spinosad formulacija GR, razbacana u brazde pri sadnji, značajno povećala gustinu biljaka nakon 20 DPT, dok je formulacija SC, primenjena kao tretman zemljišta pri sadnji, rezultirala najnižom gustinom. Spinetoram je pokazao najveću gustinu biljaka 42 DPT i najveći procenat oštećenja od žičnjaka (15%) od svih testiranih insekticida. Kontrola je imala najveći procenat oštećenih biljaka i najmanji prinos. Spinetoram je dao maksimalan prinos luka, dok je spinosad formulacija GR dala najmanji prinos među insekticidima.
Poljski ogledi su pokazali da prirodni i polusintetički insekticidi efikasno suzbijaju žičnjake, obezbeđujući adekvatnu zaštitu useva i održive prinose. Ova studija podržava razvoj i usvajanje ekološki svesnog upravljanja štetočinama u zemljištu.
Reference
Agrosava d.o.o. Belgrade, Serbia (2025). https://agrosava.com/en/products/saturn-terra-new/ (accessed March, 2025)
Antwi, F.B., Shrestha, G., Reddy, G.V., & Jaronski, S.T. (2018). Entomopathogens in conjunction with imidacloprid could be used to manage wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) on spring wheat. The Canadian Entomologist, 150(1), 124-139.
Arrine, Y., Jacquet, V., & Colas, C. (2017). A new spinosad based product for the control of wireworms on corn and potato crops. In: Ecologie Chimique: nouvelles contributions a la protection des cultures contre les ravageurs et 11e Conference Internationale sur les Ravageurs et Auxiliaires en Agriculture (ref. 4, pp 278-287). Montpellier, France: Association Francaise de Protection des Plantes (AFPP).
Bacci, L., Lupi, D., Savoldelli, S., & Rossaro, B. (2016). A review of Spinosyns, a derivative of biological acting substances as a class of insecticides with a broad range of action against many insect pests. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research, 48(1), 40-52.
Barsics, F., Haubruge, E., & Verheggen, F.J. (2013). Wireworms’ management: an overview of the existing methods, with particular regards to Agriotes spp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Insects, 4(1), 117-152.
Bažok, R., Lemić, D., Čačija, M., & Drmić, Z. (2018). Ekonomski prag štetnosti i prag odluke (kritični broj) na primjeru žičnjaka i lisnih sovica. Glasilo biljne zaštite, 18(5), 500-513.
Bošnjak, D., Gvozdanović-Varga, J., & Vasić, M. (2007). Pedeset godina proizvodnje crnog luka u Vojvodini. Letopis naučnih radova Poljoprivrednog fakulteta, 31(1), 131-139.
Brdar-Jokanović, M., Ugrinović, M., Cvikić, D., Pavlović, N., Zdravković, J., Adžić, S., & Zdravković, M. (2011). Onion yield and yield contributing characters as affected by organic fertilizers. Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, 48(2), 341-346.
Burgio, G., Ragaglini, G., Petacchi, R., Ferrari, R., Pozzati, M., & Furlan, L. (2012). Optimization of Agriotes sordidus monitoring in northern Italy rural landscape, using a spatial approach. Bulletin of Insectology, 65(1), 123-131.
CBC Group Europe (Challenges Bring Changes) Biogard Division, Italy (2025). https://www.biogard.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/03/NATURALIS_INGLESE_2022_bozza_03.pdf (accessed March, 2025)
Chloridis, A., Downard, P., Dripps, J.E., Kaneshi, K., Lee, L.C., Min, Y.K., & Pavan, L.A. (2007). Spinetoram (XDE-175): a new spinosyn. In Proceedings of the XVI International Plant Protection Congress, (pp 68-73, Vol. 1). Glasgow, UK: British Crop Production Council.
Čamprag, D. (Ed.). (1983). Priručnik izveštajne i prognozne službe zaštite poljoprivrednih kultura. Beograd: Savez društava za zaštitu bilja Jugoslavije.
de Oliveira Cantao, F. R., & Mian, G. (2023). Spinosad application prevents damage by Agriotes spp. larvae (wireworms) and protects maize (Zea mays) yield in Northeast Italy. Plant Protection, 7(1), 101-108.
Drobnjaković, T., Prijović, M., Porcu, E., Ricupero, M., Siscaro, G., Zappala, L., & Biondi, A. (2023). Comparative toxicity of spinetoram to Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan. Pesticides and Phytomedicine/Pesticidi i fitomedicina, 38(2), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.2298/PIF2302065D
Drobnjaković, T., Prijović, M., Dervišević, M., Brkić, D., Ricupero, M., & Marčić, D. (2025). Side effects of semi-synthetic insecticide spinetoram on the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Pest Management Science, 81(1), 490-497.
Gvozdenac, S., Milovac, Ž., Vidal, S., Lozanov Crvenković, Z., Štajner Papuga, I., Franeta, F., ... Cvejić, S. (2022). Comparison of chemical and biological wireworm control options in Serbian sunflower fields and a proposition for a refined wireworm damage assessment. Agronomy, 12(4), 758.
Gvozdenac, S., Ovuka, J., Miklič, V., Cvejić, S., Tanasković, S., Bursić, V., & Sedlar, A. (2019). The effect of seed treatments on wireworm (Elateridae) performance, damages and yield traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Central European Agriculture, 20(4), 1188-1200.
EPPO (2005). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization standards: Wireworms, PP 1/46 (3). ЕPPO Bulletin, 35, 179-182.
Ericsson, J.D., Todd Kabaluk, J., Goettel, M.S., & Myers, J.H. (2007). Spinosad interacts synergistically with the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae against the exotic wireworms Agriotes lineatus and Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(1), 31-38.
Ester, A., & Huiting, H. (2007). Controlling wireworms (Agriotes spp.) in a potato crop with biologicals. IOBC WPRS Bulletin, 30(1), 189-196.
European Commission (2009). Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides. OJ, L 309, 71-86. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/128/oj/eng
Furlan, L. (2014). IPM thresholds for Agriotes wireworm species in maize in Southern Europe. Journal of Pest Science, 87(4), 609-617.
Furlan, L., Contiero, B., Chiarini, F., Colauzzi, M., Sartori, E., Benvegnu, I., ... Giandon, P. (2017). Risk assessment of maize damage by wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) as the first step in implementing IPM and in reducing the environmental impact of soil insecticides. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(1), 236-251.
Furlan, L., & Kreutzweiser, D. (2015). Alternatives to neonicotinoid insecticides for pest control: case studies in agriculture and forestry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(1), 135-147.
Hays, J.V. (1933). The seasonal vertical movements of wireworms (Elateridea) in soil near Manhattan, Kansas. (Master Degree). Kansas State Collage of Agriculture and Science.
Kabaluk, J.T., Vernon, R.S., & Goettel, M.S. (2007). Mortality and infection of wireworm, Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elateridae), with inundative field applications of Metarhizium anisopliae. Phytoprotection, 88(2), 51-56.
Kleespies, R.G., Ritter, C., Zimmermann, G., Burghause, F., Feiertag, S., & Leclerque, A. (2013). A survey of microbial antagonists of Agriotes wireworms from Germany and Italy. Journal of Pest Science, 86, 99-106. Doi: 10.1007/s10340-012-0447-9
Kolliker, U., Biasio, L., & Jossi, W. (2011). Potential control of Swiss wireworms with entomopathogenic fungi. (Proceedings of the IOPC/WPRS Working Group „Insect Pathogens and Entomopathogenic Nematodes”, Innsbruck, Austria, 19-23 June, 2011). IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 66, 517-520.
Kuhar, T.P., Kamminga, K., Philips, C., Wallingford, A., & Wimer, A. (2013). Chemical control of potato pests (Chpt. 13). In: Insect Pests of Potato: Global Perspectives on Biology and Management (pp 375-397). Waltham, MA: Elsevier.
Ladurner, E., Quentin, U., Franceschini, S., & Benuzzi, M. (2009). Efficacy evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC 74040 against wireworms (Agriotes spp.) on potato. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 45, 445-448.
Milosavljevic, I. (2015). Ecology, biology, and management of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Pacific Northwest cereal crops. (PhD dissertation). Washington State University.
Nikoukar, A., & Rashed, A. (2022). Integrated pest management of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and the rhizosphere in agroecosystems. Insects, 13(9), 769.
Paluch, M. (2022). Biological control of wireworms (Agriotes spp.) in potato cultivation using the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum: Factors that influence the effectiveness of mycoinsecticide formulations. (PhD dissertation). Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Fachbereich Biologie.
Parker, W.E. (1994). Evaluation of the use of food baits for detecting wireworms (Agriotes spp., Coleoptera: Elateridae) in fields intended for arable crop production. Crop Protection, 13(4), 271-276.
Parker, W.E., & Howard, J.J. (2001). The biology and management of wireworms (Agriotes spp.) on potato with particular reference to the UK. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 3(2), 85-98.
Plant Protection Directorate (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Republic of Serbia) (2025). Lista registrovanih sredstava za zaštitu bilja – Obuhvata rešenja urađena do 31.10.2023. godine. https://uzb.minpolj.gov.rs/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Lista_registrovanih_sredstava_za_zastitu_bilja_30nov2023.pdf (accessed March, 2025)
Poggi, S., Le Cointe, R., Lehmhus, J., Plantegenest, M., & Furlan, L. (2021). Alternative strategies for controlling wireworms in field crops: a review. Agriculture, 11(5), 436.
Prijović, M., Drobnjaković, T., Marčić, D., Perić, P., Petronijević, S., & Stamenković, S. (2011). Efficacy of insecticides of natural origin in whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) control in tomato. (V Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes). Acta Horticulturae, 960, 359-364.
Racke, K.D. (2006). A reduced risk insecticide for organic agriculture: spinosad case study. In: Crop protection products for organic agriculture (Chapter 7). ACS Symposium Series, 947, 92-108.
Salgado, V.L., Watson, G.B., & Sheets, J.J. (1997). Studies on the mode of action of spinosad, the active ingredient in Tracer insect control. In Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference (pp 1082-1086). Memphis, TN, USA: National Cotton Council.
Salgado, V.L. (1998). Studies on the mode of action of spinosad: insect symptoms and physiological correlates. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 60(2), 91-102.
Salgado, V.L., Sparks, T.C., Gilbert, L.I., & Gill, S.S. (2010). The spinosyns: chemistry, biochemistry, mode of action, and resistance. In: Insect control: biological and synthetic agents (pp 207-243). London, UK: Academic Press.
Sparks, T.C., Thompson, G.D., Larson, L.L., Kirst, H.A., Jantz, O.K., Worden, T.V., ... Busacca, J.D. (1995). Biological characteristics of the spinosyns: a new naturally derived insect control agents. In: Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Volume 2, (pp 903-907, ref. 34). San Antonio, TX, USA: National Cotton Council.
Sparks, T.C., Crouse, G.D., Benko, Z., Demeter, D., Giampietro, N.C., Lambert, W., & Brown, A.V. (2021). The spinosyns, spinosad, spinetoram, and synthetic spinosyn mimics - discovery, exploration, and evolution of a natural product chemistry and the impact of computational tools. Pest Management Science, 77(8), 3637-3649.
Sparks, T.C., Wessels, F.J., Perry, T., Price, M.J., Siebert, M., & Mann, D. (2025). Spinosyn resistance and crossresistance–A 25 year review and analysis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 210, 106363.
Staudacher, K., Schallhart, N., Pitterl, P., Wallinger, C., Brunner, N., Landl, M. ... Traugott, M. (2013). Occurrence of Agriotes wireworms in Austrian agricultural land. Journal of Pest Science, 86, 33-39.
Stolpe Nordin, E. (2017). Life cycle of Agriotes wireworms and their effect in maize cultivation – from a Swedish perspective (Bachelor’s thesis). Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology.
Sufian, M. (2013). Biology, monitoring and management of economically important wireworm species (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in organic farming (Doctoral dissertation). Universitats- und Landesbibliothek, Bonn.
Štrbac, P. (2005). Opšte metode prognoze štetočina u biljnoj proizvodnji. Novi Sad, Srbija: Poljoprivredni fakultet.
Takač, A., & Vuković, S. (2023). Stemphylium vesicarium (wallr.) EG Simmons: an onion plant pathogen and options for suppression. Pesticides and Phytomedicine / Pesticidi i fitomedicina, 38(2), 43-53.
Toscano, B., Štrbac, P., Popović, Z., Kostić, M., Kostić, I., Konjević, A., & Krnjajić, S. (2017). A faunistic study of the family Elateridae in Bačka, Serbia. Pesticides and Phytomedicine / Pesticidi i fitomedicina, 32(3-4), 181-188.
Traugott, M., Benefer, C.M., Blackshaw, R.P., van Herk, W.G., & Vernon, R.S. (2015). Biology, ecology, and control of elaterid beetles in agricultural land. Annual Review of Entomology, 60(1), 313-334.
Van Herk, W. G., Vernon, R. S., Tolman, J. H., & Ortiz Saavedra, H. (2008). Mortality of a wireworm, Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elateridae), after topical application of various insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101(2), 375-383.
Van Herk, W.G., & Vernon, R.S. (2014). Soil bioassay for studying behavioral responses of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to insecticide-treated wheat seed. Environmental Entomology, 36(6), 1441-1449.
Van Herk, W.G., Vernon, R.S., Vojtko, B., Snow, S., Fortier, J., & Fortin, C. (2015). Contact behaviour and mortality of wireworms exposed to six classes of insecticide applied to wheat seed. Journal of Pest Science, 88(4), 717-739.
Vernon, R.S., Van Herk, W.G., Clodius, M., & Harding, C. (2009). Wireworm management I: stand protection versus wireworm mortality with wheat seed treatments. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(6), 2126-2136.
Vernon, R.S., Van Herk, W.G., Clodius, M., & Harding, C. (2013). Further studies on wireworm management in Canada: damage protection versus wireworm mortality in potatoes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(2), 786-799.
Vernon, B., & Van Herk, W. (2022). Chapter 5: Wireworms as pests of potato. In: Giordanengo P., Vincent C., & Alyokhin A. (Eds), Insect Pests of Potato, Global Perspectives on Biology and Management (pp 103-164). Oxford, UK: Academic Press.
Wilde, G., Roozeboom, K., Ahmad, A., Claassen, M., Gordon, B., Heer, W. ... Witt, M. (2007). Seed treatment effects on early-season pests of corn and on corn growth and yield in the absence of insect pests. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 24(4), 177-193.
Wraight, S. P., Lacey, L. A., Kabaluk, J. T., & Goettel, M. S. (2009). Potential for microbial biological control of coleopteran and hemipteran pests of potato. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology, 3, 25-38.
Yee, W.L. (2018). Spinosad versus spinetoram effects on kill and oviposition of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) at differing fly ages and temperatures. Journal of Insect Science, 18(4), 15.
Zacharuk, R.Y., & Tinline, R.D. (1968). Pathogenicity of Metarrhizium anisopliae, and other fungi, for five Elaterids (Coleoptera) in Saskatchewan. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 12(3), 294-309.
Zhang, K., Li, J., Liu, H., & Wang, H., & Lamusi, A. (2018). Semi-synthesis and insecticidal activity of spinetoram J and its D-forosamine replacement analogues. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 14(1), 2321-2330. DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.207
- Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
- Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
- Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).