Suzbijanje bolesti gajenih gljiva: šampinjona, bukovača i šiitaka, sintetičkim i biofungicidima
Sažetak
Šampinjon (Agaricus bisporus), bukovača (Pleurotus sp.) i šiitake (Lentinus edodes) su najviše gajene gljive u svetu i kod nas. Patogene gljive, bakterije i virusi nanose velike štete u njihovoj proizvodnji. Najvažnije bolesti A. bisporus su Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola i Cladobotryum spp., prouzrokovači suve, mokre i paučinaste plesni. Vrste roda Trichoderma, prouzrokovači zelene plesni, ugrožavaju sve tri vrste gajenih gljiva. Poslednjih decenija zelena plesan je najvažnija bolest šampinjona, koju izaziva T. aggressivum. Parazit bukovače je T. pleurotum i šiitake T. harzianum. Bakteriozna pegavost šampinjona je veoma rasprostranjena i izaziva je Pseudomonas tolaasii. Zaštita šampinjona od bolesti u svetu i kod nas se zasniva na primeni fungicida. Međutim, razvoj rezistentnosti patogena na fungicide nakon česte primene i toksičnosti fungicida na domaćina koji takođe pripada carstvu gljiva sužava izbor adekvatnih preparata. Mali broj fungicida se zvanično preporučuje za primenu: prohloraz u zemljama EU, a hlorotalonil i tiabendazol u Severnoj Americi. Uočena je smanjena osetljivost L. fungicola i Cladobotryum mycophilum na prohloraz. Zbog razvoja rezistentnosti, potencijalnog rizika za životnu sredinu i ljude, velika pažnja je posvećena održavanju striktne higijene u gajilištima. Uvođenje novih fungicida biološkog porekla donosi nove mogućnosti u zaštiti gajenih gljiva od bolesti.
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