PRAVO NA SLOBODU KRETANJA ZBOG LEČENJA – PRIMER „REPRODUKTIVNOG TURIZMA“ U EU
Abstract
Određeni broj pacijenata na teritoriji EU odlučuje se da potraži zdravstvene usluge van granica svoje zemlje zbog toga što su države iz kojih dolaze odlučile da ograniče pružanje pojedinih zdravstvenih usluga svojim državljanima, više po etičkom osnovu nego po osnovu dodele sredstava. Autorka postavlja pitanje u kojoj meri pravo na slobodu kretanja u pravu EU utiče na pravo pojedinaca, u državama članicama, da dobiju pristup etički kontroverznim metodama lečenja koje su dostupne samo u nekim državama članicama EU i da li pravo EU utiče na dostupnost takvih zdravstvenih usluga pojedincima u smislu izvršnog prava na lečenje? Ova pitanja autorka razmatra kroz primer „reproduktivnog turizma“ kao i analiziranjem sudske prakse u slučajevima u vezi sa abortusom i postupcima medicinski asistirane reprodukcije. Autorka zaključuje da se može reći da zdravlje predstavlja oblast u kojoj su nadležnosti EU u znatnoj meri ograničene kao i da, sa tačke gledišta pojedinačnog pristupa zdravstvenim uslugama, primena prava o slobodnom kretanju u EU na primeru „reproduktivnog turizma“ pokazuje da ukoliko je pojedinac, građanin EU, u mogućnosti da putuje, država članica ga ne može sprečiti da traži usluge asistirane reprodukcije na drugom mestu u EU, bez obzira na to koliko se taj tretman u njegovoj domovini smatra neetičkim, pod uslovom da je on prihvatljiv u drugoj državi članici.
Ključne reči: asistirana reprodukcija, abortus, reproduktivni turizam, pravo EU, Sud pravde EU, države članice EU.
References
Bordaš, B., 2011, Pitanja biomedicinski potpomognutog oplođenja pred Evropskim sudom za ljudska prava, Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 3.
Bilinović, A., 2016, Uticaj asistirane reprodukcije na redefinisanje socioloških pojmova porodice i roditeljstva, doktorska disretacija, Novi Sad, Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu.
Beširević, V., 2006, Bogovi su pali na teme: O Ustavu i bioetici, Anali Pravnog fakulteta, Vol. 54, br. 2.
Cook, R., Dickens B.M., Fathalla, M.F., 2003, Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicne, Ethic and Law, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Fineschi, V., Neri, M., Turillazzi, E., 2005, The new Italian law on assisted reproduction technology (Law 40/2004), Journal of Medical Ethics, 31.
Greer S. L., Fahy, N., Elliott, H. A., Wismar, M., Jarman, H., Palm, W., 2014, Everything you always wanted to know about European Union health policies but were afraid to ask, Observatory Studies Series 34, The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies and World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Tetragon London.
Hervey, T. K., McHale, V. J., 2009, Health Law and the European Union, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Hoof, W. van, Sutter, P. de, & Pennings, G.,2014, “Now we feel like we did everything we could”: A qualitative study into the experiences of Dutch patients who travelled to Belgium for infertility treatment, Facts, views & vision in ObGyn, Vol. 6, No. 4.
Lee, R.G., & Morgan, D., 2001, Human Fertilisation and Embryology: Regulating the Reproductive Revolution, Blackstone Press.
Lunt, N., Smith, R., Exworthy, M., Green, S.T., Horsfall, D., Mannion, R., 2011, Medical Tourism: Treatments, Markets and Health System Implications: A scoping review, Paris, OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs.
Malvasi, A., Signore, F., Napoletano, S., Bruti, V., Sestili, C., Luca, N.M. di, 2017, How medically assisted reproduction changed in Italy. A short comparative synthesis with European countries, La Clinica Terapeutica, Vol. 168, No. 4.
Robertson, A. J., 1994, Children of Choise, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Riezzo, I., Neri, M., Bello, S., Pomara, C., Turillazzi, E., 2016, Italian law on medically assisted reproduction: do women’s autonomy and health matter? BMC Womens Health.
Pennings, G., 2002, Reproductive tourism as moral pluralism in motion, Journal of medical Ethics, 28.
Pennings G., 2003, New Belgian Law on Research on Human Embryos: Trust in Progress Through Medical Science, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, Vol. 20, No. 8.
Pennings, G., 2004, Legal Harmonization and Reproductive Tourism in Europe, Human Reproduction,Vol. 19, No. 12.
Pennings, G., 2007, Decision-making authority of patients and fertility specialists in Belgian law,, Reproductive BioMedicine Online Cambridge, Vol. 15, No. 1.
Pennings, G., 2007, Belgian Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction and the Disposition of Supernumerary Embryos and Gametes, European Journal of Health Law, 14.
Pennings, G., Autin, C., Decleer, W., Delbaere, A., Delbeke, L., Delvigne, A., Neubourg, D. de, Devroey, P., Dhont, M., D’Hooghe, T., Gordts, S., Lejeune, B., Nijs, M., Pauwels, P., Perrad, B., Pirard, C.,Vandekerckhove, F., 2009, Cross-border reproductive care in Belgium, Human Reproduction, Vol. 24, No. 12,
Pennings, G., 2010, Reproductive Tourism as Moral Pluralism in Motion, Journal of Medical Ethics, 28.
Pirard, C., Vandekerckhove, F., 2009, Cross-border reproductive care in Belgium, Human Reproduction, Vol. 24, No. 12.
Peterson, M. M., 2005, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Equity of Access Issues, Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 31, No. 5.
Scenfield, F., Mouzon, J. de, Pennings, G., Ferraretti, A. P., Andersen A. N., Wert, G. de, Goossens, V.., 2010, ESHRE Taskforce on Cross Border Reproductive Care, Cross border reproductive care in six European countries, Human Reproduction, Vol. 25, No. 6.
Samardžić, S., 2011, Pravna pitanja biomedicinski asistirane reprodukcije: reproduktivni turizam, Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 1.
Samardžić, S., 2018, Prava deteta u oblasti medicinski asistirane reprodukcije, doktorska disertacija, Novi Sad, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, Novi Sad.
Stump, D., 2010, Prenatal sex selection, Report of the Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, Doc. 12258, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe.
Watson, R., 1994, Focus: Brussels Which “Europe” Should Deal with Ethical Issues?, BM,J 308.
Wichterich, C., 2015, Esej: Seksualna i reproduktivna prava, Sveska 11, Berlin, Heinrich Böll Stiftung.
Živojinović, D., 2012, Princip jednakosti i pravo na asistiranu prokreaciju, Stanovništvo, Vol. 50, br. 1, Centar za demografska istraživanja, Institut društvenih nauka, Beograd.
PRI - Public Radio International, Birnbaum, S., France moves to make reproductive technology legal for all, October 18, 2019, (https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-10-18/france-moves-make-reproductive-technology-legal-all).
DutchNews.nl, Dutch consider raising fertility treatment age limit, (https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2016/01/83453-2/).
Pravni izvori
Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells, Official Journal of the European Union L102/48, od 7. aprila 2004.
Charter оf Fundamental Rights оf the European Union, 2012/C 326/02.
Commission Directive 2006/17/EC of 8 February 2006 implementing Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards certain technical requirements for the donation, procurement and testing of human tissues and cells, Official Journal of the European Union L 38.
Directive 2006/86/EC of 24 October 2006 implementing Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards traceability requirements, notification of serious adverse reactions and events and certain technical requirements for the coding, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells, Official Journal of the European Union L 294 od 25. oktobra 2006.
Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2012/C 326/01, Document 12012E/TXT.
Resolution on artificial insemination “in vivo” and “in vitro”, OJ C96/127.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, UK, (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/contents).
Resolution on Cloning, European Parliament, 1997 O.J. (C 115) 14.4/92 (Mar. 12, 1997).
Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction and the Disposition of Supernumerary Embryos and Gametes, 3-1440.
Act on the Protection of Embryos (Embryonenschutzgesetz – ESchG) of 13 December 1990, Bundesgesetzblatt 1990 Part I pp. 2746–2748, amended by Article 1 of the Act of 21 November 2011 (Bundesgesetzblatt 2011 Part I p. 2228).
Health (Regulation of termination of pregnancy) Bill 2018. (https://assets.gov.ie/9983/4c5ed4ebc6f049288ffaacf924e52aa9.pdf).
Presude Suda pravde EU
Case 5/88 Wachauf [1989] ECR 2609, (13.07.1989).
Case C-260/89 ERT [1991] ECR I-2925, (18.06.1991).
Case C-309/96 Annibaldi [1997] ECR I-7493, (18.12.1997).
Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child (Ireland) Ltd v. Grogan, Case C-159/90 (1984) ECR 377 C-159/90, (04.10.1991.).
The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v. Stephen Grogan and others, 4.10.1991, [1991] ECR I-04685.
Attorney General v. X and others, [1992] 1 IR 1 (5th March, 1992).
R v. Human Fertilisation & Embryology authority; Ex Parte Blood [1997] 2 All ER 687.
Re F (Mental Patient Sterilisation) [1990] 2 AC 1, (4 May1989).