OTКLANJANJE NEDOSTATAКA U INDIJSКIM КREDITNIM I STEČAJNIM OКVIRIMA PRILAGOĐENIM REŠENJIMA IZ ANGLOAMERIČКE PRAVNIČКE LITERATURE

  • Williams Chima Iheme OP JINDAL GLOBAL UNIVERSITY
Keywords: kredit, obezbeđenje, dug, kolateral, reorganizacija, stečaj, poverilac, dužnik, pravna reforma

Abstract


Zakon koji uređuje kreditne transakcije u Indiji je izdeljen čime stvara poteškoće ugovornim stranama da koriste kredit. Sveukupni efekat ovakvog rešenja se već oseća u niskom rangu zemlje na indikatoru „pristupa kreditu“ u Izveštaju Svetske banke za 2020. godinu o lakoći obavljanja poslovanja (Doing business report).  Zakon o stečaju i likvidaciji iz 2016. godine (Кodeks), koji je gotovo kopija engleskog Zakona o stečaju iz 1986. godine, ima određene nedostatke koji su nespojivi sa lokalnim stanjem stvari u pogledu pristupa kreditima i reorganizaciji preduzeća. Neki od ovih nedostataka proizlaze iz nepravedne kategorizacije poverilaca u „operativne“ i „finansijske“ tipove u Kodeksu i posledične zabune koja je zabeležena u slučaju Vrhovnog suda „Domaći kupci“ iz 2019. godine. Začuđujuće, finansijski poverioci uživaju povoljniji tretman propisan Kodeksom u odnosu na operativne poverioce, uključujući pravo na konstituisanje odbora poverilaca u glasanju i potvrđivanju planova reorganizacije. Proces rešavanja nelikvidnosti predviđen Кodeksom nije kompatibilan sa činjenicom da preko 90% kompanija koje posluju u Indiji spadaju u mala i srednja preduzeća, odnosno porodična preduzeća. Smatra se da će znatni finansijski teret procesa reorganizacije postepeno uništiti ova mala i srednja preduzeća i prouzrokovati nagli rast stope nezaposlenosti. U radu se ukazuje na brojne nedostatke u indijskim kreditnim i stečajnim sistemima i predlaže se uvođenje određenih rešenja iz engleskog sistema, kao i američkog poglavlja 11 i člana 9. Jedinstvenog trgovinskog zakona.

U radu se daje niz preporuka koje mogu biti od pomoći u otklanjanju identifikovanih nedostataka. Prvo, razne sigurnosne institute rasute u različitim delovima pravnog okvira i propisa, npr. SARFESI zakon, Zakon o kompanijama, Zakon o kupovini najma, indijski zakon o obligacijama, zakon o uslovnoj prodaji i najmu opreme, primenjivim pravilima common law-a, i druge, trebalo bi podvesti pod jedinstveni funkcionalni pristup kao u članu 9. američkog Jedinstvenog trgovinskog zakona koji se primenjuje na obezbeđene kreditne transakcije. Tako da bez obzira na to kako ugovorne strane kvalifikuju transakciju, član 9. bi se primenjivao ako je njihovim sporazumom predviđeno obezbeđivanje otplate kredita ličnom imovinom dužnika. Ako se usvoji jedinstveni funkcionalni pristup, on će poboljšati predvidljivost, smanjiti složenost i troškove pristupa kreditima i pozitivno uticati na lakoću poslovanja u Indiji.

Drugo, rad preporučuje vraćanje Dobrovoljnog aranžmana kompanije, koji je nekada bio deo indijskog zakona prema ukinutom Zakonu o kompanijama iz 1956. godine. S obzirom na jedinstvene uslove u Indiji, kako se tvrdi u radu, Dobrovoljni aranžman kompanije, koji je funkcionalni ekvivalent američkoj povelji 11. DIP o reorganizaciji, Indiji više odgovara zbog nižih troškova reorganizacije i činjenice da je većina indijskih kompanija mala i u porodičnom vlasništvu, odnosno da oni generalno ne mogu da priušte velike troškove administracije i postupka reorganizacije.

Treće, proizilazeći iz druge preporuke, budući da je trenutni postupak reorganizacije prototip engleskog rešenja, koji predviđa rad lica u postupku reorganizacije koji u stvarnosti nisu profesionalci u pravom smislu, ili čija stručnost teško može biti relevantna za spasavanje određenih vrsta preduzeća. Na primer, dva glavna tipa zanimanja predviđena Pravilnikom o licima zaposlenim u postupku stečaja jesu pravnici i računovođe koji predstavljaju profesije orijentisane na usluge, pri čemu iskustvo stečeno iz advokatske ili računovodstvene prakse teško da može biti korisno za postupak reorganizacije kompanija iz IT sektora, supermarketa, prehrambenih prodavnica, građevinskih kompanija i drugih vrsta preduzeća koja se bave proizvodnjom sa složenim poslovnim modelima. Ne postoji zatvorena lista tipova preduzeća koja se mogu pojaviti u budućnosti. Stoga je ograničavanje profesija iz kojih dolaze zaposleni u procesu reorganizacije ozbiljna greška i izgleda kao favorizovanje interesa pravnika i računovođa nad ekonomskim interesima pojedinaca i preduzeća u Indiji. Još jednom, ovo nameće pitanja o regulatornom položaju IBC 2016 i pripadajućim propisima IRP. Naime, trebalo bi ponovo uključiti u indijski sistem stečaja Dobrovoljni aranžman kompanija koji odražava američki DIP model iz poglavlja 11.

Četvrto, i poslednje, kategorizacija poverilaca u finansijske i operativne poverioce, sa neprimerenim preferencijalnim tretmanima za prve, štetna je za ukupnu efikasnost i poverenje u kreditni sistem i sistem stečaja. Većina poverilaca obično spada u kategoriju „operativnih“, a prema IBC 2016, između ostalih nedostataka, oni nisu kvalifikovani za ulazak u odbor poverilaca gde bi imali pravo glasa za predloženi plan reorganizacije koji utiče na njihova prava u pogledu obezbeđenja. Takva mogućnost predviđa se u engleskom i američkom sistemu gde se pravo glasa o predloženom planu reorganizacije daje svim poveriocima. Mogućnost započinjanja postupka reorganizacije preduzeća nakon dospeća duga bez prethodnog formalnog zahteva (što se zahteva od operativnih poverilaca), pokazuje da Zakon o stečaju i likvidaciji iz 2016. godine nije objektivan i veran filozofiji korporativnog spasavanja. Postoji hitna potreba za reformom sa svešću o pomenutim pitanjima. U svakom slučaju, pomenuti nedostaci predstavljaju nužne razloge za indijski parlament da preispita i reformiše Zakon o stečaju i likvidaciji.

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Published
2020/12/28
Section
Original Scientific Paper