WHO WORKS MORE, AND WHO WORKS SMARTER? COMPARING JUDICIAL PERFORMANCE IN EUROPE
Sažetak
This paper (1) analyzes the existing theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between the judicial performance and judicial efficiency, (2) compares the judicial performances in Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, France, Austria, and Norway for the year 2020, (3) compares the judicial performances in different instances in Serbia for the same year, and (4) examines the performance standards that are set by law for Serbian judges. The authors conclude that in 2020 Serbian judges resolved more cases in all instances (there is a higher number of resolved cases per judge only in Austria, in first instance), while at the same time falling short of the caseload standards set in Serbian law. Also, the study found excessive difference in the performance of Serbian courts, but that does not affect the evaluation of judg- es, since 485 evaluated judges out of 505 got the rating “exceptionally successfully performs the function of judge” for the year 2020.
Reference
Bibliography
Akutsu, L., Aquino Guimarães, T. de, 2015, Governança judicial: proposta de modelo teórico-metodológico, Revista de Administração Pública, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 937–958.
Beenstock, M., Haitovsky, Y., 2004, Does the Appointment of Judges Increase the Output of the Judiciary, International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 351–369.
CEPEJ, 2013, Revised Guidelines on the Creation of Judicial Maps to Support Ac- cess to Justice within a Quality Judicial System, (https://rm.coe.int/1680748151#_ Toc356475576, 27. 1. 2024).
CEPEJ, 2022, European judicial systems CEPEJ Evaluation Report 2022 Evaluation cycle (2020 data), (https://rm.coe.int/cepej-report-2020–22-e-web/1680a86279, 27. 1. 2024).
Cooter, R. D., 1983, The Objectives of Private and Public Judges, Public Choice, 41, pp. 107–137.
Dimitrova-Grajzl, V. et al., 2012, Court Output, Judicial Staffing, and the De- mand for Court Services: Evidence from Slovenian Courts of First Instance, Inter- national Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 19–29.
Djankov, S. et al., 2003, Courts: The Lex Mundi Project, Quarterly Journal of Eco- nomics, 118, pp. 453–517.
Elbialy, N., Garcia-Rubio, M. A., 2011, Assessing Judicial Efficiency of Egyptian First Instance Courts: A DEA analysis, MAGKS Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics, 19–2011, pp. 1–28.
Engel, C., Weinshall, K., 2020, Manna from Heaven for Judges: Judges’ Reaction to a Quasi-Random Reduction in Caseload, Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 722–751.
Gomes, A., Guimarães, T., Akutsu, L., 2017, Court Caseload Management: The Role of Judges and Administrative Assistants, Revista de Administração Contem- porânea, 21, pp. 648–665.
Ippoliti, R., Tria, G., 2020, Efficiency of Judicial Systems: Model Definition and Output Estimation, Journal of Applied Economics, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 339–360.
Jonski, K., Mankowski, D., 2014, Is Sky the Limit? Revisiting ‘Exogenous Produc- tivity of Judges’ Argument, International Journal of Court Administration, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 53–72.
Laffont, J., Tirole, J., 1993, A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation, Cambridge, MIT Press.
Messick, R., 1999, Judicial Reform and Economic Development: A Survey of the Issues, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 117–136.
Ontanu, A., Velicogna, M., 2021, The Challenge of Comparing EU Member States Judicial Data, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 466–469.
Örkényi, L., 2022, A New Method for an Objective Measurement of the Judi- cial Workload – The Application of a Prediction Model Based on an Algorithm Formed by Multiple Linear Regression in Court Administration, International Journal for Court Administration, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1–25.
Posner, R., 1993, What Do Judges and Justices Maximize? (The Same Thing Everybody Else Does), Supreme Court Economic Review, 3, pp. 1–41.
Posner, R., 1998, Creating a Legal Framework for Economic Development, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1–13.
Posner, R., 2010, How Judges Think, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Rosales-López, V., 2008, Economics of Court Performance: An Empirical Analysis, European Journal of Law and Economics, 25, pp. 231–251.
Spaić, B., 2022, Komparativna analiza uređenja sudova, Belgrade, Centar za pravosudna istraživanja (CEPRIS).
Spaić, B., Đorđević, M., 2022, Less Is More? On the Number of Judges and Judicial Efficiency, Pravni zapisi, 2, pp. 421–445.
Staats, J., Bowler, S., Hiskey, J., 2005, Measuring Judicial Performance in Latin America, Latin American Politics and Societies, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 77–106.
Supreme Court of Cassation, 2021, The Unique Program for Resolving Old Cases in the Republic of Serbia for 2021–2025 (Measures, Recommendations, Implementation and Monitoring).
Šipulová, K. et al., 2022, Judicial Self-Governance Index: Towards Better Under- standing of the Role of Judges in Governing the Judiciary, Regulation & Govern- ance, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 22–42.
Voigt, S., 2016, Determinants of Judicial Efficiency: A Survey, European Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 183–208.
World Bank, 2014, Funkcionalna analiza pravosuđa u Srbiji, Belgrade, Multidona- torski poverenički fond za podršku pravosuđa u Srbiji – Svetska banka.
Legislative Sources
Action Plan for the Implementation of the Strategy for Developing the Judiciary
for 2020–2025, Official Gazette of the RS, No. 45/2022, 7 April 2022, pp. 73–74.
Rulebook for Criteria, Measures, Procedure and Bodies for Evaluating the Work of Judges and Presidents of Courts, Official Gazette of the RS, Nos. 81/2014–54, 142/2014–240, 41/2015–185, 7/2016–23.
Strategy for Development of the Judiciary for 2020–2025, Official Gazette of the RS, No. 101/2020, 17 July 2020 and No. 18/2022, 11 February 2022.
Statute on the Organization of Courts, Official Gazette of the RS, No. 10/2023.
Statute on the Seats and Territorial Jurisdictions of Courts and Public Prosecu-
tor’s Offices, Official Gazette of the RS, No. 101/2013.
Law on Judges, Official Gazette of the RS, No. 10/2023.
Other Sources
About Judicial Power in Croatia, (https://www.vsrh.hr/en/about-judicial-power. aspx, 1. 3. 2024).
Beta, 2021, Društvo sudija: Preopterećeni sudovi, neke sudije imaju i do 1300 predmeta, N1 online, (https://tinyurl.com/27hetqm5, 27. 1. 2024).
Đorđević, N., 2021, O delegaciji predmeta, Belgrade, Društvo sudija Srbije, (https://www.sudije.rs/Item/Details/940, 27. 1. 2024).
Judges Association of Serbia, 2021, Jednak pristup građana pravdi, efikasnost sudstva i izmene Zakona o parničnom postupku – ZPP, (https://www.sudije.rs/ Item/Details/938, 27. 1. 2024).
Judges Association of Serbia, 2021a, Jednak pristup građana pravdi zavisi od opterećenosti sudova, (https://www.sudije.rs/Item/Details/934, 27. 1. 2024).
Judicial Organization in Austria, (https://tinyurl.com/27ptsh77, 27. 1. 2024).
Judicial Organization in Norway, (https://tinyurl.com/2xq93wa8, 27. 3. 2024).
Justice System in France, (https://www.britannica.com/place/France/Justice, 27. 3. 2024).
Justice System in the Republic of Croatia, (https://tinyurl.com/24jn79us, 27. 3. 2024).
Pavešković, R., 2021, Analiza uticaja infrastrukturnih i ljudskih resursa na efektivnost rada sudova, Društvo sudija Srbije, (https://tinyurl.com/25d5fdx5, 27. 3. 2024).
Popović: Cilj zakona ravnomerna opterećenost sudova po Srbiji, Politika, 2021, (https://tinyurl.com/24jmuydv, 27. 1. 2024).
Deo pravosuđa u bankrotu zbog naknada za predugo trajanje suđenja – Ispražn- jene kase 15 od ukupno 16 privrednih sudova, Politika, 2022, (https://tinyurl. com/2aofpd3u, 15. 3. 2024)
The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), (https://www. coe.int/en/web/cepej, 27. 3. 2024).
The High Court Council, 2021, The Report on the Evaluation of the Work of Judges and Presidents of Courts in 2020, (https://tinyurl.com/275xzkoe, 27. 1. 2024).
The Justice System of the Republic of Slovenia, (https://tinyurl.com/28fo6z89, 27. 3. 2024).
Vukašinović, S., 2020, Analize pokazale veliku opterećenost Višeg suda u Beogradu, evo šta Srbija treba da uradi da bi SUDSTVO BILO EFIKASNIJE, Blic, (https://tinyurl.com/2bo355qe, 27. 1. 2024).