Matične ćelije - hemobiologija i sažeti klinički podaci: kritički pregled
Sažetak
Matične ćelije (MĆ) su jedinstvene i "ključne" ćelije u ljudskom telu koji učetvujući u formiranju velikog broja (proliferacija) zrelih ćelija (diferentovanje) unutar različitih tkiva ("citopoeza"), istovremeno zadržavajući sposobnost da se "reprodukuju" (samoobnavljanje). Ovi procesi su regulisani prvenstveno interaktivnim signalima iz međućelijskog matriksa i mikrookoline, koja sadraži stromalne ćelije. Pored toga, plastičnost MĆ ("inter-sistemska plastičnost") je svojstvo "najprimitivnijih" (veoma nezrelih) kategorija MĆ da se pretvore u ćelije druge ćelijske linije. Izraz plastičnost uključuje i fenotipski potencijal novo-stvorenih ćelija – koji je razlićit od spektra fenotipova ćelija u originalnom tkivu odakle potiču. Sve raprostranjenija klinička primena "ćelijski-posredovanih" terapijskih postupaka rezultuje povećanim potrebama u ćelijama, ali i poboljšanjima u ex vivo operativnim procedurama prilikom prikupljanja i ex vivo "obrade" MĆ. Osnovni cilj prikupljanja je postizanje što boljeg ćelijskog prinosa i njihove vijabilnosti. Svrha optimizovane kriokozervacije je svođenje na najmanji stepen ćelijskih termičkih oštećenja u procesima zamrzavanja/odmrzavanja (kriooštećenja). Uprkos tome da su već u rutinskoj primeni različiti protokoli prikupljanja, prečišćavanja i kriokozervacije MĆ – brojna pitanja vezana za optimalnu ex vivo manipulaciju MĆ još uvek nisu u potpunosti rešena. Osnovni cilj ovog rada je da pruža jedan sveobuhvatni pregled inicijalnih hemobioloških i kriobioloških istraživanja – sa posebnim osvrtom na entitete MĆ, savremene ćelijske koncepte i ekstrakorporalne sisteme "bioinžinjerstva kalema". Biće sažeto izneti njihov terapeutski uloga i efikasnost u "konvencionalnim" transplantacijama MĆ i u regenerativnoj medicini. Najzad, u ovom radu neće biti detaljno opisani sopstveni rezultati iz oblasti upotrebe MĆ u transplantacijskoj i regenerativnoj medicinu - već će biti dat samo kratak osvrt na njih.
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